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A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant temperature is called an isothermal process. Heat slowly flows into the system or out of the system to maintain thermal equilibrium. Processes involving phase changes like water evaporation into steam or freezing water into ice at a constant temperature are examples of Isothermal Processes.
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Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
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Enthalpy (H) is used to describe the thermodynamics of chemical and physical processes. Enthalpy is defined as the sum of a system's internal energy (U) and the mathematical product of its pressure (P) and volume (V):
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Calorimetry is a technique used to measure the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process or to measure the heat transferred to or from a substance. The heat is exchanged with a calibrated and insulated device called the calorimeter. Calorimetry experiments are based on the assumption that there is no heat exchange between the insulated calorimeter and the external environment. The well-insulated calorimeters prevent the transfer of heat between the calorimeter and its external...
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Simulation of Early Earth Hydrothermal Chimneys in a Thermal Gradient Environment
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Actividades hidrotermales en curso dentro de Encelado.

Hsiang-Wen Hsu1, Frank Postberg2, Yasuhito Sekine3

  • 1Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA.

Nature
|March 13, 2015
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Análisis del Encélado.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Ciencias planetarias Ciencias planetarias.
  • Astrobiología Astrobiología.
  • La geoquímica es la geoquímica.

Sus antecedentes:

  • Encélado, una luna de Saturno, exhibe plumas que contienen granos de hielo.
  • Se detectó un océano subterráneo, lo que sugiere la posibilidad de actividad hidrotermal.
  • La detección previa de granos ricos en sal de sodio indica interacciones entre la roca y el agua.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Analizar las partículas de nanodust ricas en silicio (partículas de corriente) de las plumas de Encélado.
  • Investigar el origen y las implicaciones de estas partículas únicas.
  • Determine las condiciones del océano subterráneo de Encélado.

Principales métodos:

  • Análisis de partículas de SiO2 (sílice) de tamaño nanométrico.
  • Interpretación de la composición y distribución del tamaño de las partículas.
  • Correlación con las mediciones de las naves espaciales de la composición del penacho.

Principales resultados:

  • Las partículas de la corriente identificadas como sílice de tamaño nanométrico (SiO2).
  • Determinado rango de tamaño de partícula (2-8 nm de radio).
  • Se indican reacciones hidrotermales de alta temperatura (>90°C).

Conclusiones:

  • La actividad hidrotermal está en curso en el fondo del océano de Encélado.
  • La actividad geotérmica global transporta los productos hidrotermales a las columnas.
  • Estos hallazgos apoyan la potencial habitabilidad del océano subterráneo de Encélado.