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Anatomy of the Brain: Major Regions01:20

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The brain is the most complex organ in the human body. It consists of four main parts: the cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem.
The cerebrum is the largest section of the brain and divides into left and right hemispheres, separated by a deep fissure. The cerebral outer layer of grey matter — the cerebral cortex — comprises elevations called gyri and shallow groves called sulci. The inner portion of white matter includes long nerve fibers known as axons, which connect...
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Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I01:26

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The main and largest component of the human brain is the cerebrum. The cerebrum consists of two main parts: the cerebral cortex, an outer layer with wrinkles or folds known as gyri and shallow grooves called sulci, and a deeper region beneath it. The cerebrum divides into two distinct hemispheres and contains five different lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula. The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes and two functionally important gyri — the...
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Organization of the Brain01:30

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The brain is an integral component of the nervous system and serves as the center for processing sensory inputs, making decisions, and directing bodily actions. This complex organ is organized into three primary sections: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, each responsible for a range of vital functions.
Hindbrain
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Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles01:18

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There are hollow fluid-filled cavities known as ventricles deep inside the human brain. There are two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere, and each has three different projections — the anterior, inferior, and posterior horns visible from the lateral side. A thin membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles. The slender third ventricle in the diencephalon is connected to each lateral ventricle via a channel called the interventricular foramen.
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Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...
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Human anatomy is the scientific study of the body's structures. Some of these structures are very small and can only be observed and analyzed with the assistance of a microscope. Other larger structures can readily be seen, manipulated, measured, and weighed. The word "anatomy" comes from a Greek root that means "to cut apart." Human anatomy was first studied by observing the body's exterior and the wounds of soldiers and other injuries. Later, physicians were allowed to...
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Microdissection of Mouse Brain into Functionally and Anatomically Different Regions
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La anatomía funcional del microprocesador humano

Tuan Anh Nguyen1, Myung Hyun Jo2, Yeon-Gil Choi1

  • 1Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 151-742, Korea; School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.

Cell
|June 2, 2015
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

El microprocesador, que contiene DROSHA y DGCR8, procesa con precisión los pri-miRNAs. Este complejo asegura la maduración correcta del microARN (miARN) mediante el reconocimiento de motivos específicos de ARN y la medición de distancias críticas.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología Molecular Biología Molecular
  • ARN Biología Biología ARN
  • La bioquímica es la bioquímica.

Sus antecedentes:

  • La maduración del microARN (miARN) es un proceso crítico para la regulación génica.
  • El complejo de microprocesador, que comprende RNase III DROSHA y su cofactor DGCR8, inicia la maduración del miRNA.
  • Comprender el mecanismo preciso del reconocimiento de pri-miRNA por el microprocesador es esencial para comprender la biogénesis del miRNA.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Aclarar los mecanismos estructurales y funcionales por los cuales el complejo de microprocesadores humanos reconoce los pri-miRNAs.
  • Para determinar la estequiometría y los componentes funcionales mínimos del complejo de microprocesadores.
  • Identificar los elementos e interacciones de reconocimiento específicos involucrados en el procesamiento del ARNmi pri.

Principales métodos:

  • Reconstitución del complejo de microprocesador humano utilizando proteínas recombinantes DROSHA y DGCR8 purificadas.
  • Pruebas bioquímicas para determinar la estequiometría compleja e identificar el núcleo funcional mínimo.
  • Análisis de las interacciones proteína-ARN e identificación de motivos de reconocimiento específicos en los pri-miARN.

Principales resultados:

  • El microprocesador humano es un complejo heterotrimérico de aproximadamente 364 kDa compuesto por una molécula DROSHA y dos moléculas DGCR8.
  • Un núcleo funcional mínimo consiste en DROSHA y un péptido de 23 aminoácidos de DGCR8.
  • DROSHA actúa como una regla, midiendo 11 bp desde la unión basal ssRNA-dsRNA, mientras que DGCR8 se une a los elementos del tallo y del ápice.
  • El reconocimiento específico de los motivos de UG basales y UGU apical por DROSHA y DGCR8, respectivamente, asegura la correcta orientación compleja y el procesamiento preciso.

Conclusiones:

  • El estudio aclara el mecanismo de procesamiento de pri-miRNA por el complejo de microprocesador, resolviendo controversias anteriores.
  • Se propone un modelo detallado para el procesamiento de pri-miRNA, destacando las funciones de DROSHA y DGCR8 en el reconocimiento y la escisión del sustrato.
  • Estos hallazgos proporcionan información fundamental sobre la regulación de la biogénesis del miRNA y sus implicaciones en la función celular.