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Introduction to the Human Microbiota

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...

Functions of the Gut Microbiota

Functions of the Gut Microbiota

The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...

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The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...

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The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is characterized by distinct physicochemical conditions that shape its microbial communities. Among these, the stomach presents a particularly challenging environment for microbial colonization due to its highly acidic pH, ranging from 1 to 3. This extreme acidity effectively limits microbial density. However, certain acid-tolerant microorganisms are capable of surviving in this niche. Notably, Helicobacter pylori can colonize the gastric mucosa,...

The Oral Microbiota

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The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...

Development of Human Microbiota

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...

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El microbioma humano. Pequeñas moléculas de la microbiota humana

Mohamed S Donia¹, Michael A Fischbach²

¹Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. donia@princeton.edu fischbach@fischbachgroup.org.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|July 25, 2015

Resumen

Los microbios intestinales humanos producen numerosas moléculas pequeñas con actividades biológicas como la modulación inmune. Las tecnologías futuras mejorarán el descubrimiento y la comprensión de estos compuestos cruciales derivados del microbioma.

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Área de la Ciencia:

Microbiología
Metabolomía
La genómica

Sus antecedentes:

Los estudios genómicos y de interacción entre la microbiota y el huésped han estimulado el descubrimiento de pequeñas moléculas del microbioma humano.
El microbioma humano es una rica fuente de diversas moléculas pequeñas con funciones biológicas significativas.

Objetivo del estudio:

Revisar los conocimientos actuales sobre las pequeñas moléculas producidas por la microbiota humana.
Para discutir las tecnologías futuras para descubrir estas moléculas.
Abordar los desafíos en la identificación de moléculas clave que impulsan las interacciones entre microbios y microorganismos.

Principales métodos:

Revisión de la literatura sobre las pequeñas moléculas derivadas del microbioma humano.
Análisis de las tecnologías actuales y emergentes para el descubrimiento molecular.
Discusión de la relevancia biológica y las funciones de conducción de interacción de estas moléculas.

Principales resultados:

Se han identificado numerosas moléculas pequeñas de las principales clases de metabolitos en el microbioma humano.
Estas moléculas exhiben diversas actividades biológicas, incluida la modulación inmune y la antibiótica.
Se están descubriendo moléculas clave que influyen en las interacciones microbio-huésped y microbio-microbio.

Conclusiones:

El microbioma humano es una fuente vital de moléculas pequeñas bioactivas.
Los avances en la tecnología son cruciales para futuros descubrimientos y la comprensión de las funciones de estas moléculas.
Se necesitan más investigaciones para aclarar las funciones específicas y la relevancia de los compuestos derivados del microbioma en la salud y la enfermedad del huésped.