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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Integración del retrotransposón guía de las horquillas de replicación detenida

Jake Z Jacobs1, Jesus D Rosado-Lugo1, Susanne Cranz-Mileva1

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Nelson A133, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|September 26, 2015
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Resumen

La inserción del retrotransposón Tf1 de la levadura de fisión está guiada por la proteína de unión al ADN Sap1. Sap1 actúa como una barrera de bifurcación de replicación, dirigiendo la integración de Tf1 a sitios genómicos específicos.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • La genética
  • Biología molecular
  • La epigenética

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las retrotransposones de repetición terminal larga (LTR) son elementos genéticos móviles que se replican a través de la inserción en los genomas del huésped.
  • Los retrotransposones LTR de hongos poseen mecanismos para evitar las inserciones mutagénicas, particularmente en las secuencias de codificación, pero los principios de selección de objetivos siguen sin estar claros.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar los principios conservados que guían la selección del sitio objetivo para la inserción del retrotransposón LTR fúngico.
  • Para aclarar el papel de la proteína de unión al ADN Sap1 en el objetivo de la levadura de fisión LTR retrotransposon Tf1.

Principales métodos:

  • Utilizó técnicas de biología genética y molecular en levaduras de fisión.
  • Investigó la interacción entre el retrotransposón Tf1 y la proteína de unión al ADN Sap1.
  • Se evaluó la función de Sap1 como barrera de bifurcación de la replicación en relación con la inserción de Tf1.

Principales resultados:

  • Se demostró que Sap1 guía directamente la inserción del retrotransposón Tf1.
  • Se demostró que la actividad de Sap1 como una barrera de bifurcación de replicación influye en la eficiencia y la ubicación del objetivo Tf1.
  • Se ha identificado un nuevo mecanismo de orientación de la integración del retrotransposón.

Conclusiones:

  • Sap1 y la detención de la bifurcación de replicación que induce son determinantes clave de los sitios de integración de Tf1.
  • Este mecanismo implica la fijación del complejo de integración Tf1 a sitios específicos objetivo, asegurando la inserción no mutagénica.
  • Proporciona información sobre los principios conservados de la selección del sitio objetivo de retrotransposón LTR.