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Mecanismos potenciales para la resistencia al cáncer en elefantes y respuesta celular comparativa al daño del ADN en
Lisa M Abegglen1, Aleah F Caulin2, Ashley Chan1
1Departments of Pediatrics (Hematology/Oncology) and Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City.
JAMA
|October 9, 2015
Resumen
Los elefantes exhiben una notable resistencia al cáncer, probablemente debido a múltiples copias del gen TP53. Las células de elefante muestran una mayor respuesta apoptótica al daño del ADN en comparación con las células humanas, ofreciendo información evolutiva sobre la supresión del cáncer.
Área de la Ciencia:
- La medicina evolutiva
- Oncología Comparada
- La genómica
Sus antecedentes:
- La medicina evolucionista ofrece información sobre la fisiología humana y las enfermedades, incluida la biología del cáncer.
- Los elefantes, a pesar de su tamaño y longevidad, muestran resistencia al cáncer, lo que lleva a investigar sus mecanismos celulares únicos.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Para identificar los mecanismos de resistencia al cáncer en los elefantes.
- Para comparar las respuestas celulares al daño del ADN en elefantes, humanos sanos y pacientes con síndrome de Li-Fraumeni (LFS).
Principales métodos:
- Se analizaron datos de necropsia de 36 especies de mamíferos, incluidos 644 elefantes, para evaluar la resistencia al cáncer.
- Secuenciado genomas de elefantes africanos y asiáticos para identificar genes relacionados con la resistencia al cáncer.
- Los linfocitos de sangre periférica de elefantes, controles humanos y pacientes con LFS fueron expuestos a radiación ionizante y doxorrubicina para comparar la respuesta al daño del ADN y la apoptosis.
Principales resultados:
- La mortalidad por cáncer no se correlacionó con el tamaño corporal o la esperanza de vida entre los mamíferos; los elefantes mostraron una menor mortalidad por cáncer (4,81%) que los humanos (11%-25%).
- Los elefantes africanos poseen al menos 20 copias del gen TP53, a diferencia de los humanos con 2 copias.
- Los linfocitos de elefante mostraron tasas significativamente más altas de apoptosis mediada por p53 después del daño del ADN en comparación con los linfocitos humanos.
Conclusiones:
- Las tasas de cáncer más bajas de los elefantes pueden estar relacionadas con sus múltiples copias del gen TP53.
- La respuesta apoptótica mejorada en las células del elefante después del daño del ADN sugiere un potente mecanismo de supresión del cáncer.
- Estos hallazgos pueden allanar el camino para estrategias basadas en la evolución en la investigación de la supresión del cáncer.
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