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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
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In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In-vitro Mutagenesis

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To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
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Updated: Mar 31, 2026

A Rapid In Vivo Bioassay for Developmentally Active Enhancers
00:08

A Rapid In Vivo Bioassay for Developmentally Active Enhancers

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Suboptimización de los potenciadores del desarrollo

Emma K Farley1, Katrina M Olson2, Wei Zhang3

  • 1Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Genetics, Genomics and Development, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA. Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. msl2@princeton.edu ekfarley@princeton.edu.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|October 17, 2015
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

La especificidad del potenciador en la regulación génica se basa en la "suboptimización", donde los sitios de unión de ADN imperfectos crean patrones de expresión precisos. Este mecanismo asegura una activación genética precisa del desarrollo, evitando errores de unión demasiado fuerte.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología del desarrollo
  • Genética molecular
  • La genómica

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los potenciadores de la transcripción controlan patrones precisos de expresión génica esenciales para el desarrollo.
  • Comprender la base molecular de la especificidad del potenciador es crucial para la biología del desarrollo.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar los mecanismos subyacentes a la precisión del potenciador Otx-a en los embriones de Ciona.
  • Determinar cómo la señalización del factor de crecimiento de los fibroblastos (FGF) y los determinantes de la GATA influyen en la especificidad del potenciador.

Principales métodos:

  • Análisis de alto rendimiento del potenciador Otx-a.
  • Evaluación del impacto de la secuencia y el espaciado del sitio de unión en la actividad del potenciador.
  • Investigando el papel de los motivos de reconocimiento subóptimos en la regulación génica.

Principales resultados:

  • La especificidad del potenciador se logra a través de motivos de reconocimiento submáximos con afinidades de unión reducidas.
  • Las coincidencias imperfectas en los sitios de unión nativos GATA y ETS confieren especificidad.
  • La alteración del espaciamiento de los sitios de unión tiene un impacto significativo en la actividad del potenciador.
  • Múltiples niveles de suboptimización conducen a patrones de expresión específicos pero débiles.

Conclusiones:

  • Los elementos potenciadores subóptimos son críticos para generar patrones precisos de expresión génica durante el desarrollo.
  • Los grupos de potenciadores débiles, que pueden incluir superpotenciadores, equilibran la especificidad y la actividad.
  • Los hallazgos proporcionan información sobre la lógica reguladora de la expresión génica del desarrollo.