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El cableado intercelular permite la transferencia de electrones entre las arqueas metanotróficas y las bacterias
Gunter Wegener1,2, Viola Krukenberg1, Dietmar Riedel3
1Max-Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
Nature
|October 23, 2015
Resumen
La oxidación anaeróbica del metano (AOM) es clave para controlar las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Este estudio muestra que la AOM termofílica se basa en la transferencia directa de electrones entre las arqueas y las bacterias, no solo en el hidrógeno. Este hallazgo aclara los mecanismos de AOM.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Ecología microbiana
- Biogeoquímica
- Microbiología ambiental
Sus antecedentes:
- La oxidación anaeróbica del metano (AOM) por consorcios microbianos controla la liberación de metano de los sedimentos marinos.
- Los mecanismos específicos y las adaptaciones biológicas que impulsan AOM, particularmente en condiciones termofílicas, siguen sin estar claros.
- La AOM se lleva a cabo por asociaciones sintróficas entre las arqueas metanotróficas anaerobias (ANME) y las bacterias reductoras de sulfatos (SRB).
Objetivo del estudio:
- Investigar la interacción sintrófica en el AOM termófilo (TAOM) entre las arqueas ANME-1 y el SRB HotSeep-1 a 60 °C.
- Para probar la hipótesis de la transferencia directa de electrones entre especies (DIET) como el mecanismo principal en TAOM.
- Para comparar la actividad de los consorcios TAOM con los cultivos libres de ANME de SRB HotSeep-1 cultivados con hidrógeno.
Principales métodos:
- Cultivo de consorcios TAOM y de SRB HotSeep-1 libre de ANME.
- Análisis comparativo de las tasas de oxidación del metano y el crecimiento microbiano en diferentes condiciones (consorcio versus libre de ANME).
- Análisis de la expresión génica (sobreexpresión de citocromos y pili) y observación microscópica de las conexiones de célula a célula (nanocables).
Principales resultados:
- Las arqueas termofílicas ANME-1 no producen suficiente hidrógeno para sostener el crecimiento de SRB HotSeep-1.
- La adición de hidrógeno a los cultivos SRB HotSeep-1 reprimió la oxidación del metano y la actividad ANME-1, lo que sugiere competencia o retroalimentación.
- Bajo condiciones de TAOM, tanto ANME como SRB sobreexpresaron genes para citocromos extracelulares y formaron estructuras similares a nanocables, indicativas de DIET.
Conclusiones:
- La transferencia directa de electrones entre especies es un mecanismo principal que impulsa la oxidación anaeróbica termófila del metano.
- La formación de conexiones de célula a célula y la sobreexpresión de componentes de transferencia de electrones extracelulares apoyan la hipótesis DIET.
- Este mecanismo puede explicar el funcionamiento y la especificidad de otros consorcios ANME-SRB involucrados en el ciclo del metano.
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