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Aromatic compounds can be identified or analyzed using proton NMR and carbon‐13 NMR. Typically, aromatic hydrogens or hydrogens directly bonded to the aromatic rings are strongly deshielded by the aromatic ring current. Therefore, they absorb in the range of 6.5–8.0 ppm in proton NMR spectra. For instance, aromatic hydrogens directly bonded to the benzene ring absorb at 7.3 ppm. However, aromatic hydrogens of larger rings absorb farther upfield or downfield than the ideal range.
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Neutral hydrocarbons like cyclopentadiene with an odd number of carbon atoms and one intervening CH2 group in the ring are not aromatic. Cyclopentadiene with 4 π electrons does not satisfy the 4n + 2 π electron rule. Additionally, the intervening CH2 group is sp3 hybridized and lacks a vacant p orbital, thereby interrupting the overlap of p orbitals in a continuous manner and preventing the delocalization of π electrons throughout the ring.
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Amino acids are the monomers that comprise proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, or the alpha (α) carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a hydrogen atom. Every amino acid also has another atom or group of atoms bonded to the central atom known as the R group. There are 20 common amino acids present in proteins, each with a different R group. Variation in the amino acid sequence is responsible for...
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Noncovalent attractions are associations within and between molecules that influence the shape and structural stability of complexes. These interactions differ from covalent bonding in that they do not involve sharing of electrons.
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In general, the term ‘aromatic’ indicates a pleasant smell or fragrance from fresh flowers, freshly prepared coffee, etc. In the early history of organic chemistry, many benzene derivatives were isolated from the pleasant odor oils of the plants. For example, vanillin was isolated from the oil of vanilla, methyl salicylate from the oil of wintergreen, and cinnamaldehyde from the oil of cinnamon. They all had a pleasant odor; hence the name aromatic was given.
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Interacciones carbohidratos-aromáticas en las proteínas

Kieran L Hudson1, Gail J Bartlett1, Roger C Diehl2

  • 1School of Chemistry, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|November 13, 2015
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Los residuos aromáticos como el triptófano son clave para las interacciones proteína-carbohidratos. La complementariedad electrónica y electrostática impulsa estos eventos de unión biológica esenciales.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • La bioquímica
  • Biología estructural
  • Interacciones moleculares

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las interacciones proteína-carbohidrato son cruciales en los procesos biológicos, sin embargo, las fuerzas fundamentales que las gobiernan siguen siendo incompletamente comprendidas.
  • Definir y manipular estas interacciones es vital para comprender la salud y la enfermedad.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Analizar cuantitativamente las estructuras cristalinas de rayos X de proteínas con carbohidratos unidos para identificar características comunes en el reconocimiento de carbohidratos.
  • Aclarar el papel de las cadenas laterales de aminoácidos, en particular los residuos aromáticos, en la complejación proteína-carbohidrato.

Principales métodos:

  • Análisis cuantitativo de las estructuras cristalinas de rayos X de los complejos proteico-carbohidratos.
  • Espectroscopia de Resonancia Magnética Nuclear (RMN) para el estudio de las interacciones entre carbohidratos y aromáticos en solución.
  • Análisis de la relación de energía libre lineal para apoyar efectos electrónicos.

Principales resultados:

  • Las cadenas laterales de aminoácidos aromáticos, especialmente el triptófano, se enriquecen en bolsas de unión de carbohidratos.
  • Los enlaces específicos de carbohidratos C-H interactúan preferentemente con los residuos aromáticos, impulsados por la complementariedad electrónica.
  • Los datos de RMN confirman una unión favorable entre los enlaces C-H indoles y pobres en electrones en los carbohidratos, destacando las contribuciones electrostáticas.

Conclusiones:

  • La complementariedad electrostática y electrónica entre los hidratos de carbono y los residuos aromáticos son factores críticos de la complejación proteína-hidrato.
  • Estas interacciones no covalentes débiles dictan la especificidad y el posicionamiento de los sacáridos dentro de los sitios de unión a las proteínas.