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Comorbilidad del trastorno del espectro alcohólico fetal: una revisión sistemática y un metanálisis

Svetlana Popova¹, Shannon Lange², Kevin Shield²

¹Social and Epidemiological Research Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Lancet (London, England)

|January 19, 2016

Resumen

El trastorno del espectro alcohólico fetal (TEAF) está relacionado con numerosas comorbilidades debido a la exposición prenatal al alcohol. Este estudio identificó 428 afecciones en individuos con TEAF, con una alta prevalencia en trastornos del sistema nervioso, del comportamiento y de la comunicación.

Área de la Ciencia:

La neurociencia
Salud pública
La genética

Sus antecedentes:

La exposición prenatal al alcohol causa efectos permanentes en el feto, lo que lleva a varias comorbilidades en personas con trastorno del espectro alcohólico fetal (TEAF).
La comprensión de estas condiciones coexistentes es crucial para la atención integral del paciente y las estrategias de salud pública.

Objetivo del estudio:

Para identificar condiciones comórbidas en individuos diagnosticados con trastorno del espectro alcohólico fetal (TEAF).
Estimar la prevalencia combinada de estas afecciones comórbidas, particularmente en las personas con síndrome de alcoholismo fetal (SAF).

Principales métodos:

Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura en múltiples bases de datos para los estudios publicados hasta julio de 2012.
Los estudios incluidos fueron investigaciones originales revisadas por pares que cumplían con los criterios de calidad, con condiciones codificadas utilizando la CIE-10.
Se realizaron metanálisis utilizando un modelo de efectos aleatorios para estimar la prevalencia combinada.

Principales resultados:

127 estudios cumplieron con los criterios de elegibilidad, identificando 428 afecciones comórbidas en 18 capítulos de la CIE-10 en personas con TEAF.
Las afecciones más frecuentes fueron malformaciones congénitas, deformidades, anomalías cromosómicas y trastornos mentales/conductuales.
En 1728 participantes de FAS, las cinco afecciones más prevalentes (50-91%) incluían anormalidades del sistema nervioso / función sensorial, trastornos de conducta y trastornos del lenguaje.

Conclusiones:

La alta prevalencia de comorbilidades en el TEAF subraya la importancia de la exposición prenatal al alcohol como factor de riesgo.
Abordar el consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo es un problema crítico de salud pública mundial para prevenir discapacidades.
La evaluación temprana de las comorbilidades relacionadas con el TEAF es esencial para un tratamiento clínico eficaz.

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