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Radical Formation: Homolysis00:54

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A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.
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Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate.  The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.
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sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization
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Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
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Synthesis of a Thiol Building Block for the Crystallization of a Semiconducting Gyroidal Metal-sulfur Framework
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Conducción de H puro en los oxihidritos

Genki Kobayashi1, Yoyo Hinuma2, Shinji Matsuoka3

  • 1Research Center of Integrative Molecular Systems (CIMoS), Institute for Molecular Science, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan. Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan. gkobayashi@ims.ac.jp kanno@echem.titech.ac.jp.

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|March 19, 2016
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Resumen

Los investigadores desarrollaron nuevos oxihidritos para la conducción de iones de hidruro puro (H), un avance para los dispositivos de almacenamiento y conversión de energía. Este descubrimiento allana el camino para aplicaciones electroquímicas avanzadas utilizando conductores de iones hidruro.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Ciencias de los materiales
  • Química del estado sólido
  • La electroquímica

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los óxidos conductores de protones (H+) se establecen para dispositivos electroquímicos como las pilas de combustible.
  • La conducción de iones hidruro puro (H-) en óxidos, distinta de la conducción iónico-electrónica mixta, no se logró.
  • Los iones hidruro ofrecen potencial para el transporte rápido y el almacenamiento de alta energía debido a su tamaño y capacidad de reducción.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Sintetizar e investigar nuevos materiales basados en óxidos para la conducción de iones hidruro (H-) puros.
  • Explorar el potencial de los oxihidridos de tipo K2NiF4 como conductores de iones hidruro.
  • Para demostrar la viabilidad de la conducción de H puro en una célula electroquímica de estado sólido.

Principales métodos:

  • Síntesis de una serie de oxihidritos del tipo K2NiF4 con la fórmula general La(2-x-y) Sr(x + y) LiH(1-x + y) O(3-y).
  • Fabricación y ensayo de una célula electroquímica en estado sólido TiH2/o-La2LiHO3/Ti.
  • Evaluación del rendimiento electroquímico para confirmar el mecanismo de conducción.

Principales resultados:

  • Preparación exitosa de los oxihidritos del tipo K2NiF4.
  • La célula TiH2/o-La2LiHO3/Ti demostró pruebas concluyentes de conducción de iones hidruro puro (H-).
  • El oxihidruro sintetizado, específicamente o-La2LiHO3 (x=y=0), exhibió una conductividad H- pura.

Conclusiones:

  • El estudio demostró con éxito la conducción de iones de hidruro puro (H-) en un material a base de óxido por primera vez.
  • Los oxihidritos desarrollados son candidatos prometedores para dispositivos electroquímicos avanzados que requieren un transporte eficiente de H-.
  • Este avance abre nuevas vías para tecnologías de almacenamiento y conversión de alta energía que utilizan conductores de iones hidruro.