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Videos de Conceptos Relacionados

Preparation of Epoxides03:00

Preparation of Epoxides

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Overview
Epoxides result from alkene oxidation, which can be achieved by a) air, b) peroxy acids, c) hypochlorous acids, and d) halohydrin cyclization.
Epoxidation with Peroxy Acids
Epoxidation of alkenes via oxidation with peroxy acids involves the conversion of a carbon–carbon double bond to an epoxide using the oxidizing agent meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, commonly known as MCPBA. Since the O–O bond of peroxy acids is very weak, the addition of electrophilic oxygen of peroxy acids to...
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Acid-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides02:24

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Epoxides that are three-membered ring systems are more reactive than other cyclic and acyclic ethers. The high reactivity of epoxides originates from the strain present in the ring. This ring strain acts as a driving force for epoxides to undergo ring-opening reactions either with halogen acids or weak nucleophiles in the presence of mild acid. The acid catalyst converts the epoxide oxygen, a poor leaving group, into an oxonium ion, a better leaving group, making the reaction feasible. The...
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Base-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides02:26

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Due to their highly strained structures, epoxides can readily undergo ring-opening reactions through nucleophilic substitution, either in the presence of an acid or a base. The nucleophilic substitution reactions in the presence of acid are called acid-catalyzed ring-opening reactions, and nucleophilic substitution reactions in the presence of a base are called base-catalyzed ring-opening reactions. Epoxides undergo base-catalyzed ring-opening reactions in the presence of a strong nucleophile...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview

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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
Ruthenium-based Grubbs catalyst is the most commonly used catalyst for olefin metathesis polymerization. Grubbs catalyst consists of a...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
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Sharpless Epoxidation02:57

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The conversion of allylic alcohols into epoxides using the chiral catalyst was discovered by K. Barry Sharpless and is known as Sharpless epoxidation. The use of a chiral catalyst enables the formation of one enantiomer of the product in excess. This chiral catalyst is mainly a chiral complex of titanium tetraisopropoxide and tartrate ester (specific stereoisomer). The stereoisomer used in the chiral catalyst dictates the formation of the enantiomer of the product. In other words, the use of...
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Polimerizaciones quimioselectivas a partir de mezclas de epóxido, lactona, anhidrido y dióxido de carbono

Charles Romain1, Yunqing Zhu1, Paul Dingwall1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|March 23, 2016
PubMed
Resumen

Un nuevo catalizador de dizinco permite un control preciso de la composición del polímero al cambiar entre diferentes tipos de polimerización. Este avance permite la creación de polímeros con secuencias de bloques diseñados y estructuras de éster y carbonato predecibles.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Química de los polímeros
  • Catálisis
  • Ciencias de los materiales

Sus antecedentes:

  • El control de la composición de polímeros de las mezclas de monómeros es un desafío importante en la ciencia de los polímeros.
  • Los métodos existentes a menudo carecen de la capacidad de dictar con precisión la secuencia y la composición.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar un único catalizador conmutable tanto para la polimerización de apertura de anillo (ROP) como para la copolimerización de apertura de anillo (ROCOP).
  • Lograr el control de las secuencias de bloques de polímero y las composiciones predecibles utilizando un único sistema catalítico.

Principales métodos:

  • Utilizó métodos experimentales y teóricos para estudiar un catalizador de dizinco.
  • Investigó la copolimización de cuatro monómeros modelo: ε-caprolactona, óxido de ciclohexeno, anhídrido ftálico y dióxido de carbono.
  • Se analizó la selectividad del monómero y el comportamiento de conmutación del catalizador.

Principales resultados:

  • El catalizador de dizinco demostró una alta selectividad para diferentes monómeros, lo que permite distintos ciclos de polimerización.
  • Se ha logrado un control preciso de la formación de secuencias de bloques en polímeros.
  • Polímeros sintetizados con éxito con composiciones predecibles de éster y carbonato.

Conclusiones:

  • Un solo catalizador puede controlar efectivamente la reactividad del monómero ortogonal para la polimerización secuencial.
  • La comprensión de las interacciones de los grupos finales de la cadena metálica es clave para la ingeniería de secuencias de bloques de polímeros.
  • Este enfoque ofrece una nueva vía para diseñar arquitecturas de polímeros complejos con propiedades personalizadas.