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Heat Engines01:10

Heat Engines

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A heat engine is a device used to extract heat from a source and then convert it into mechanical work used for various applications. For example, a steam engine on an old-style train can produce the work needed for driving the train.
Whenever we consider heat engines (and associated devices such as refrigerators and heat pumps), we do not use the standard sign convention for heat and work. For convenience, we assume that the symbols Qh, Qc, and W represent only the amounts of heat transferred...
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The Carnot Cycle01:30

The Carnot Cycle

4.4K
Converting work to heat is an irreversible process, and the purpose of a heat engine is to reverse the effect partially. Heat engines aim to increase the efficiency of the reversal, that is, maximize the work retrieved from heat. If the efficiency of a heat engine were 100%, it would imply reversing the process completely without introducing any other effect. Thus, it would violate the second law of thermodynamics.
What could be the theoretical limit to the efficiency of a heat engine? The...
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Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics01:15

Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

5.2K
The second law of thermodynamics can be stated in several different ways, and all of them can be shown to imply the others. The Clausius’ statement of the second law of thermodynamics is based on the irreversibility of spontaneous heat flow. It states that heat will not flow from the colder body to the hotter body unless some other process is involved. Additionally, as per the Kelvin’s statement, it is impossible to convert the heat from a single source into work without any other...
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Mechanism of heat transfer01:19

Mechanism of heat transfer

2.2K
Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
2.2K
The Carnot Cycle and the Second Law of Thermodynamics01:20

The Carnot Cycle and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

4.1K
The Carnot engine works between two heat reservoirs of fixed temperatures. The Carnot cycle begs the following question: Is it possible to devise a heat engine that is more efficient than a Carnot engine between two fixed temperatures? The answer lies in designing a Carnot refrigerator.
Since the individual steps in a Carnot cycle can be reversed, the entire cycle is, thus, reversible. If a Carnot cycle is reversed, it becomes a Carnot refrigerator. It extracts heat Qc from a cold reservoir at...
4.1K
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

7.1K
Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
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Updated: Mar 22, 2026

Asymmetric Thermoelectrochemical Cell for Harvesting Low-grade Heat under Isothermal Operation
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Asymmetric Thermoelectrochemical Cell for Harvesting Low-grade Heat under Isothermal Operation

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Un motor térmico monoatómico

Johannes Roßnagel1, Samuel T Dawkins2, Karl N Tolazzi3

  • 1QUANTUM, Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. j.rossnagel@uni-mainz.de ks@uni-kassel.de.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|April 16, 2016
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Los investigadores construyeron el primer motor térmico de un solo átomo. Este dispositivo innovador utiliza un ion atrapado para convertir la energía térmica en trabajo mecánico, demostrando el potencial de la termodinámica a escala atómica.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • La termodinámica
  • La mecánica cuántica
  • Física atómica

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los motores térmicos tradicionales funcionan con numerosas partículas.
  • Comprender la transferencia de calor a nanoescala es crucial para el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para demostrar experimentalmente un motor térmico de un solo átomo funcional.
  • Para investigar los ciclos termodinámicos y el rendimiento de un motor a escala atómica.

Principales métodos:

  • El confinamiento de un solo ion en una trampa de Paul lineal con geometría cónica.
  • Acoplamiento del ion a los depósitos calientes y fríos para impulsar ciclos térmicos.
  • Medición de la dinámica iónica para determinar los ciclos termodinámicos y extraer la potencia.

Principales resultados:

  • Ha operado con éxito un motor térmico monoatómico.
  • La potencia de salida obtenida es P = 3,4 × 10(-22) joules por segundo y la eficiencia es η = 0,28%.
  • Los resultados se alinean con las predicciones teóricas para los ciclos termodinámicos a escala atómica.

Conclusiones:

  • Demostró la viabilidad de los motores térmicos de un solo átomo.
  • Mostró que las máquinas térmicas pueden reducirse al límite de un solo átomo.
  • Abrió nuevas vías para la investigación en termodinámica cuántica y conversión de energía a nanoescala.