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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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The polar coordinate system represents points using a distance from a central point (the pole) and an angle from a reference direction (the polar axis). Unlike rectangular coordinates, polar coordinates are ideal for graphing curves with radial symmetry or periodic behavior.Some general forms of graphs in polar coordinates include the following:Equation of a Circle (Centered at the Pole):A graph where the radius remains constant for all angles traces a circle centered at the pole:Equation of a...
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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
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Magnetism01:30

Magnetism

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Magnets are commonly found in everyday objects, such as toys, hangers, elevators, doorbells, and computer devices. Experimentation on these magnets shows that all magnets have two poles: one is labeled north (N) and the other south (S). Magnetic poles repel if they are alike and attract if unlike. Moreover, both poles of a magnet attract unmagnetized pieces of iron.
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Metales polares por diseño geométrico

T H Kim1, D Puggioni2, Y Yuan3

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

Nature
|April 21, 2016
PubMed
Resumen

Los investigadores diseñaron y crearon metales polares a temperatura ambiente utilizando niquelados de perovskita de película delgada. Este avance utiliza el control a escala atómica para lograr propiedades inusuales de coexistencia en materiales multifuncionales.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Física de la materia condensada
  • Ciencias de los materiales
  • Mecánica Cuántica

Sus antecedentes:

  • La ley de Gauss establece cero campo eléctrico en los conductores debido a la detección de carga.
  • Los metales polares con dipolos ordenados son raros, a diferencia de las fases aislantes.
  • Los electrones deslocalizados en los metales generalmente impiden la polarización macroscópica.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Diseñar y realizar experimentalmente metales polares a temperatura ambiente.
  • Para utilizar el control a escala atómica de los desplazamientos de conservación de la inversión.
  • Explorar nuevos materiales multifuncionales con propiedades coexistentes.

Principales métodos:

  • Los principios de diseño mecánico cuántico.
  • Los cálculos ab initio para predecir la estabilización estructural.
  • Crecimiento de película delgada heteroepitaxial en sustratos LaAlO3 (111)

Principales resultados:

  • Se obtiene un óxido monoclino polar conductor en niquelados de perovskita ANiO3 de película delgada.
  • Estabilización demostrada de los desplazamientos polares de los cationes A a través de restricciones geométricas.
  • Se observó una estructura de no equilibrio no reportada previamente en geometrías de película delgada.

Conclusiones:

  • La estabilización geométrica ofrece una nueva ruta para crear metales polares.
  • Este enfoque permite nuevos materiales multifuncionales con propiedades únicas.
  • Los metales polares a temperatura ambiente se realizan a través de la ingeniería a escala atómica.