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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside...
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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Complejos inflamatorios: Mecanismos emergentes y funciones efectoras

Vijay A K Rathinam1, Katherine A Fitzgerald2

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El inflamasoma es crucial para las respuestas inmunes y la muerte celular. Investigaciones recientes revelan sus funciones expandidas más allá de las funciones canónicas, influyendo en la autofagia, el metabolismo e incluso la tumorigénesis.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Inmunología
  • Biología celular
  • Biología molecular

Sus antecedentes:

  • El complejo inflamatorio es esencial para procesar las citoquinas proinflamatorias IL-1β e IL-18 e inducir la piroptosis.
  • La activación del inflamatorio canónico es provocada por patógenos y señales de peligro.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para revisar los avances recientes en la comprensión de la biología inflamatoria.
  • Para resaltar los nuevos componentes y funciones de la maquinaria inflamatoria.
  • Para discutir las funciones mediadas por receptores independientes de la formación del complejo inflamatorio.

Principales métodos:

  • Revisión de la literatura de los descubrimientos científicos recientes.
  • Síntesis de las investigaciones actuales sobre las vías inflamatorias.
  • Análisis de las actividades inflamatorias no canónicas.

Principales resultados:

  • Los inflammasomas regulan diversos procesos, incluida la tormenta eicosanoide, la autofagia y el metabolismo.
  • Los componentes de los receptores inflamatorios influyen en la proliferación celular, la transcripción génica y la tumorigénesis.
  • La evidencia emergente amplía las funciones conocidas de los constituyentes inflamatorios.

Conclusiones:

  • La biología inflamatoria es más compleja de lo que se entendía anteriormente.
  • Los constituyentes del inflamasoma desempeñan funciones multifacéticas en los procesos celulares.
  • Se necesita más investigación para dilucidar completamente el espectro de las funciones inflamatorias.