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Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

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The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
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Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management01:21

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Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...
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AssessmentA comprehensive assessment is essential in managing a patient with rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Begin with obtaining a detailed medical history, including recent streptococcal infections, a history of rheumatic fever, or previously diagnosed rheumatic heart disease. Assess the patient for symptoms such as fever, chest pain, widespread joint pain (arthralgia), tachycardia, pericardial friction rub, muffled heart sounds, heart murmurs, peripheral edema, subcutaneous nodules, and...
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Video Experimental Relacionado

Updated: Mar 21, 2026

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La artritis reumatoide

Josef S Smolen1, Daniel Aletaha2, Iain B McInnes3

  • 1Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; 2nd Department of Medicine, Hietzing Hospital Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

Lancet (London, England)
|May 10, 2016
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

El diagnóstico precoz de la artritis reumatoide (AR) es crucial para un tratamiento eficaz, especialmente para los pacientes con factores de riesgo. Las estrategias actuales incluyen el monitoreo de la actividad de la enfermedad y el uso de varios medicamentos antirreumáticos modificadores de la enfermedad, pero se necesitan nuevas terapias para los que no responden.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Reumatología
  • Inmunología
  • La genética

Sus antecedentes:

  • La artritis reumatoide (AR) es una enfermedad articular inflamatoria crónica que conduce a daños en el cartílago/ hueso y a la discapacidad.
  • El diagnóstico precoz y la identificación de los factores de riesgo son vitales para el éxito del tratamiento de la AR.
  • A pesar de los avances, muchos pacientes con AR no responden a las terapias existentes, lo que pone de relieve la necesidad de nuevos tratamientos.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Proporcionar información actualizada sobre la artritis reumatoide (AR).
  • Para cubrir la genética, la etiología, la fisiopatología, la epidemiología, la evaluación y las estrategias de tratamiento para la AR.
  • Identificar las necesidades no cubiertas en la atención de pacientes con AR.

Principales métodos:

  • Revisión de la literatura científica actual sobre la artritis reumatoide (AR).
  • Análisis de la genética, etiología, fisiopatología y epidemiología.
  • Evaluación de las herramientas de evaluación actuales y de los agentes terapéuticos.
  • Discusión de estrategias de tratamiento y necesidades no cubiertas.

Principales resultados:

  • El manejo de la AR implica la medición de la actividad de la enfermedad y una estrategia de tratamiento al objetivo.
  • Se utilizan medicamentos antirreumáticos convencionales, biológicos y nuevos no biológicos que modifican la enfermedad.
  • Se considera la reducción de la dosis después de lograr la remisión o baja actividad de la enfermedad.

Conclusiones:

  • Si bien el tratamiento de la artritis reumatoide ha mejorado, persisten importantes necesidades no satisfechas para los pacientes que no responden.
  • Es esencial continuar la investigación sobre la genética, la fisiopatología y las terapias novedosas de la AR.
  • La optimización de las estrategias de tratamiento de la AR requiere un enfoque integral, incluido el diagnóstico precoz y la terapia personalizada.