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El estudio de asociación de todo el genoma identifica 74 loci asociados con el logro educativo
- Aysu Okbay 1,2,3, Jonathan P Beauchamp 4, Mark Alan Fontana 5, James J Lee 6, Tune H Pers 7,8,9,10, Cornelius A Rietveld 1,2,3, Patrick Turley 4, Guo-Bo Chen 11, Valur Emilsson 12,13, S Fleur W Meddens 3,14,15, Sven Oskarsson 16, Joseph K Pickrell 17, Kevin Thom 18, Pascal Timshel 8,19, Ronald de Vlaming 1,2,3, Abdel Abdellaoui 20, Tarunveer S Ahluwalia 9,21,22, Jonas Bacelis 23, Clemens Baumbach 24,25, Gyda Bjornsdottir 26, Johannes H Brandsma 27, Maria Pina Concas 28, Jaime Derringer 29, Nicholas A Furlotte 30, Tessel E Galesloot 31, Giorgia Girotto 32, Richa Gupta 33, Leanne M Hall 34,35, Sarah E Harris 36,37, Edith Hofer 38,39, Momoko Horikoshi 40,41, Jennifer E Huffman 42, Kadri Kaasik 43, Ioanna P Kalafati 44, Robert Karlsson 45, Augustine Kong 26, Jari Lahti 43,46, Sven J van der Lee 2, Christiaan deLeeuw 14,47, Penelope A Lind 48, Karl-Oskar Lindgren 16, Tian Liu 49, Massimo Mangino 50,51, Jonathan Marten 42, Evelin Mihailov 52, Michael B Miller 6, Peter J van der Most 53, Christopher Oldmeadow 54,55, Antony Payton 56,57, Natalia Pervjakova 52,58, Wouter J Peyrot 59, Yong Qian 60, Olli Raitakari 61, Rico Rueedi 62,63, Erika Salvi 64, Börge Schmidt 65, Katharina E Schraut 66, Jianxin Shi 67, Albert V Smith 12,68, Raymond A Poot 27, Beate St Pourcain 69,70, Alexander Teumer 71, Gudmar Thorleifsson 26, Niek Verweij 72, Dragana Vuckovic 32, Juergen Wellmann 73, Harm-Jan Westra 8,74,75, Jingyun Yang 76,77, Wei Zhao 78, Zhihong Zhu 11, Behrooz Z Alizadeh 53,79, Najaf Amin 2, Andrew Bakshi 11, Sebastian E Baumeister 71,80, Ginevra Biino 81, Klaus Bønnelykke 21, Patricia A Boyle 76,82, Harry Campbell 66, Francesco P Cappuccio 83, Gail Davies 36,84, Jan-Emmanuel De Neve 85, Panos Deloukas 86,87, Ilja Demuth 88,89, Jun Ding 60, Peter Eibich 90,91, Lewin Eisele 65, Niina Eklund 58, David M Evans 69,92, Jessica D Faul 93, Mary F Feitosa 94, Andreas J Forstner 95,96, Ilaria Gandin 32, Bjarni Gunnarsson 26, Bjarni V Halldórsson 26,97, Tamara B Harris 98, Andrew C Heath 99, Lynne J Hocking 100, Elizabeth G Holliday 54,55, Georg Homuth 101, Michael A Horan 102, Jouke-Jan Hottenga 20, Philip L de Jager 8,103,104, Peter K Joshi 66, Astanand Jugessur 105, Marika A Kaakinen 106, Mika Kähönen 107,108, Stavroula Kanoni 86, Liisa Keltigangas-Järvinen 43, Lambertus A L M Kiemeney 31, Ivana Kolcic 109, Seppo Koskinen 58, Aldi T Kraja 94, Martin Kroh 90, Zoltan Kutalik 62,63,110, Antti Latvala 33, Lenore J Launer 111, Maël P Lebreton 15,112, Douglas F Levinson 113, Paul Lichtenstein 45, Peter Lichtner 114, David C M Liewald 36,84, , Anu Loukola 33, Pamela A Madden 99, Reedik Mägi 52, Tomi Mäki-Opas 58, Riccardo E Marioni 11,36,115, Pedro Marques-Vidal 116, Gerardus A Meddens 117, George McMahon 69, Christa Meisinger 25, Thomas Meitinger 114, Yusplitri Milaneschi 59, Lili Milani 52, Grant W Montgomery 118, Ronny Myhre 105, Christopher P Nelson 34,35, Dale R Nyholt 118,119, William E R Ollier 56, Aarno Palotie 8,120,121,122,123,124, Lavinia Paternoster 69, Nancy L Pedersen 45, Katja E Petrovic 38, David J Porteous 37, Katri Räikkönen 43,46, Susan M Ring 69, Antonietta Robino 125, Olga Rostapshova 4,126, Igor Rudan 66, Aldo Rustichini 127, Veikko Salomaa 58, Alan R Sanders 128,129, Antti-Pekka Sarin 123,130, Helena Schmidt 38,131, Rodney J Scott 55,132, Blair H Smith 133, Jennifer A Smith 78, Jan A Staessen 134,135, Elisabeth Steinhagen-Thiessen 88, Konstantin Strauch 136,137, Antonio Terracciano 138, Martin D Tobin 139, Sheila Ulivi 125, Simona Vaccargiu 28, Lydia Quaye 50, Frank J A van Rooij 2,140, Cristina Venturini 50,51, Anna A E Vinkhuyzen 11, Uwe Völker 101, Henry Völzke 71, Judith M Vonk 53, Diego Vozzi 126, Johannes Waage 21,22, Erin B Ware 78,141, Gonneke Willemsen 20, John R Attia 54,55, David A Bennett 76,77, Klaus Berger 72, Lars Bertram 142,143, Hans Bisgaard 21, Dorret I Boomsma 20, Ingrid B Borecki 94, Ute Bültmann 144, Christopher F Chabris 145, Francesco Cucca 146, Daniele Cusi 64,147, Ian J Deary 36,84, George V Dedoussis 44, Cornelia M van Duijn 2, Johan G Eriksson 46,148, Barbara Franke 149, Lude Franke 150, Paolo Gasparini 32,125,151, Pablo V Gejman 128,129, Christian Gieger 24, Hans-Jörgen Grabe 152,153, Jacob Gratten 11, Patrick J F Groenen 154, Vilmundur Gudnason 12,68, Pim van der Harst 72,150,155, Caroline Hayward 42,156, David A Hinds 30, Wolfgang Hoffmann 71, Elina Hyppönen 157,158,159, William G Iacono 6, Bo Jacobsson 23,105, Marjo-Riitta Järvelin 160,161,162,163, Karl-Heinz Jöckel 65, Jaakko Kaprio 33,58,123, Sharon L R Kardia 78, Terho Lehtimäki 164,165, Steven F Lehrer 166,167, Patrik K E Magnusson 45, Nicholas G Martin 168, Matt McGue 6, Andres Metspalu 52,169, Neil Pendleton 170,171, Brenda W J H Penninx 59, Markus Perola 52,58, Nicola Pirastu 32, Mario Pirastu 28, Ozren Polasek 66,172, Danielle Posthuma 14,173, Christine Power 159, Michael A Province 94, Nilesh J Samani 34,35, David Schlessinger 60, Reinhold Schmidt 38, Thorkild I A Sørensen 9,69,174, Tim D Spector 50, Kari Stefansson 26,68, Unnur Thorsteinsdottir 26,68, A Roy Thurik 1,3,175,176, Nicholas J Timpson 69, Henning Tiemeier 2,177,178, Joyce Y Tung 30, André G Uitterlinden 2,140, Veronique Vitart 42, Peter Vollenweider 116, David R Weir 93, James F Wilson 42,66, Alan F Wright 42, Dalton C Conley 179,180, Robert F Krueger 6, George Davey Smith 69, Albert Hofman 2, David I Laibson 4, Sarah E Medland 48, Michelle N Meyer 181, Jian Yang 11,92, Magnus Johannesson 182, Peter M Visscher 11,92, Tõnu Esko 7,8,52,183, Philipp D Koellinger 3,14,15, David Cesarini 18,184, Daniel J Benjamin 5
- Aysu Okbay 1,2,3, Jonathan P Beauchamp 4, Mark Alan Fontana 5
- 1Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands.
- 2Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.
- 3Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands.
- 4Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
- 5Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-3332, USA.
- 6Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
- 7Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 2116, USA.
- 8Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
- 9The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.
- 10Statens Serum Institut, Department of Epidemiology Research, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark.
- 11Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- 12Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland.
- 13Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík 107, Iceland.
- 14Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands.
- 15Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 TV, The Netherlands.
- 16Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden.
- 17New York Genome Center, New York, New York 10013, USA.
- 18Department of Economics, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA.
- 19Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark Lyngby 2800, Denmark.
- 20Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
- 21COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2820, Denmark.
- 22Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte 2820, Denmark.
- 23Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg 416 85, Sweden.
- 24Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.
- 25Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.
- 26deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland.
- 27Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands.
- 28Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica U.O.S. di Sassari, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari 07100, Italy.
- 29Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA.
- 3023andMe, Inc., Mountain View, California 94041, USA.
- 31Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands.
- 32Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy.
- 33Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- 34Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK.
- 35NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK.
- 36Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.
- 37Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
- 38Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria.
- 39Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria.
- 40Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology &Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.
- 41Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
- 42MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
- 43Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- 44Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens 17671, Greece.
- 45Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden.
- 46Folkhälsan Research Centre, 00014 Helsingfors, Finland.
- 47Institute for Computing and Information Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, 6525 EC, The Netherlands.
- 48Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.
- 49Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin 14195, Germany.
- 50Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.
- 51NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK.
- 52Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
- 53Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.
- 54Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia.
- 55Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia.
- 56Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
- 57Human Communication and Deafness, School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
- 58Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.
- 59Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center &GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, The Netherlands.
- 60Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
- 61Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland.
- 62Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland.
- 63Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
- 64Department Of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milano 20142, Italy.
- 65Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen 45147, Germany.
- 66Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
- 67Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9780, USA.
- 68Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland.
- 69MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
- 70School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK.
- 71Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany.
- 72Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.
- 73Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster 48149, Germany.
- 74Divisions of Genetics and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
- 75Partners Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
- 76Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
- 77Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
- 78Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
- 79Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands.
- 80Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg D-93053, Germany.
- 81Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Pavia 27100, Italy.
- 82Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
- 83Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
- 84Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.
- 85Saïd Business School, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 1HP, UK.
- 86William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
- 87Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- 88The Berlin Aging Study II; Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, Berlin 13347, Germany.
- 89Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany.
- 90German Socio- Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany.
- 91Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK.
- 92The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia.
- 93Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
- 94Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63018, USA.
- 95Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany.
- 96Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany.
- 97Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik 101, Iceland.
- 98Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9205, USA.
- 99Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
- 100Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
- 101Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany.
- 102Manchester Medical School, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
- 103Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Departments of Neurology &Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
- 104Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
- 105Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
- 106Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- 107Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, 33521 Tampere, Finland.
- 108Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, 33014 Tampere, Finland.
- 109Public Health, Medical School, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia.
- 110Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne 1010, Switzerland.
- 111Neuroepidemiology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9205, USA.
- 112Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 XA, The Netherlands.
- 113Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5797, USA.
- 114Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.
- 115Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK.
- 116Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
- 117Tema BV, Hoofddorp, 2131 HE, The Netherlands.
- 118Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.
- 119Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland Institute of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia.
- 120Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
- 121The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
- 122Psychiatric &Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
- 123Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
- 124Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
- 125Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste 34100, Italy.
- 126Social Impact, Arlington, Virginia 22201, USA.
- 127Department of Economics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
- 128Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois 60201-3137, USA.
- 129Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
- 130Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00300 Helsinki, Finland.
- 131Research Unit for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, General Hospital and Medical University, Graz, Graz 8010, Austria.
- 132Information Based Medicine Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia.
- 133Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
- 134Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
- 135R&D VitaK Group, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 EV, The Netherlands.
- 136Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.
- 137Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians-Universität, Munich 81377, Germany.
- 138Department of Geriatrics, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA.
- 139Department of Health Sciences and Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
- 140Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.
- 141Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104, USA.
- 142Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics &Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany.
- 143Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
- 144Department of Health Sciences, Community &Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands.
- 145Department of Psychology, Union College, Schenectady, New York 12308, USA.
- 146Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari 9042, Italy.
- 147Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Research Council, Segrate (Milano) 20090, Italy.
- 148Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- 149Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands.
- 150Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.
- 151Sidra, Experimental Genetics Division, Sidra, Doha 26999, Qatar.
- 152Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany.
- 153Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, HELIOS-Hospital Stralsund, Stralsund 18437, Germany.
- 154Econometric Institute, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands.
- 155Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
- 156Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
- 157Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health Sciences and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
- 158South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
- 159Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
- 160Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment &Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
- 161Center for Life Course Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
- 162Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, 90029 Oulu, Finland.
- 163Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
- 164Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
- 165Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, 33014 Tampere, Finland.
- 166Economics, NYU Shanghai, 200122 Pudong, China.
- 167Policy Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
- 168Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.
- 169Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
- 170Centre for Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester M6 8HD, UK.
- 171Manchester Institute for Collaborative Research in Ageing, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
- 172Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split 21000, Croatia.
- 173Department of Clinical Genetics, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands.
- 174Institute of Preventive Medicine. Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Frederiksberg 2000, Denmark.
- 175Montpellier Business School, Montpellier 34080, France.
- 176Panteia, Zoetermeer, 2715 CA, The Netherlands.
- 177Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.
- 178Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.
- 179Department of Sociology, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA.
- 180School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10016, USA.
- 181Bioethics Program, Union Graduate College - Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Schenectady, New York 12308, USA.
- 182Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm 113 83, Sweden.
- 183Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
- 184Research Institute for Industrial Economics, Stockholm 10215, Sweden.
- 0Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands.
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Ver abstracta en PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.Los factores genéticos influyen en el logro educativo, con un gran estudio de asociación de todo el genoma que identifica 74 loci significativos. Estas variantes genéticas están relacionadas con la regulación genética del cerebro fetal y las vías de desarrollo neuronal.
Área De La Ciencia
- Genética del comportamiento
- La neurociencia
- La genómica
Sus Antecedentes
- El nivel educativo está influenciado por factores sociales y ambientales.
- Los factores genéticos contribuyen significativamente a las diferencias individuales en el logro educativo.
- Estudios anteriores han identificado algunas asociaciones genéticas, pero se necesitan muestras de mayor tamaño.
Objetivo Del Estudio
- Identificar los loci genéticos asociados con el logro educativo utilizando un estudio de asociación de todo el genoma a gran escala (GWAS).
- Investigar las vías biológicas y los patrones de expresión génica relacionados con las variantes genéticas identificadas.
- Explorar la utilidad del logro educativo como un fenotipo proxy para rasgos relacionados.
Principales Métodos
- Se realizó un estudio de asociación de todo el genoma (GWAS, por sus siglas en inglés) en una muestra ampliada de 293.723 individuos.
- Se realizó un estudio de replicación en una muestra independiente de 111.349 individuos del Biobanco del Reino Unido.
- Análisis de polimorfismos de un solo nucleótido (SNP) para la asociación con los años de escolaridad.
Principales Resultados
- Identificó 74 loci significativos en todo el genoma asociados con el logro educativo.
- Se encontró que los SNPs asociados se enriquecen en regiones genómicas que regulan la expresión génica del cerebro fetal.
- Los genes candidatos se expresan preferentemente en el tejido neural, particularmente durante el desarrollo prenatal, y están vinculados a las vías de desarrollo neural.
Conclusiones
- Un GWAS bien alimentado puede identificar variantes genéticas replicables para el logro educativo, un fenotipo de comportamiento complejo.
- Los hallazgos genéticos sugieren vías biológicamente relevantes, particularmente las involucradas en el desarrollo neuronal.
- El logro educativo sirve como un valioso fenotipo proxy para estudiar las influencias genéticas en la cognición y las enfermedades neuropsiquiátricas.
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