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Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Evolution of Microbial Genome01:08

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Microbial genome evolution is a highly dynamic process shaped by continual gene gain and loss across species and strains. This genomic flexibility allows microorganisms to adapt rapidly to environmental pressures and interactions with other organisms. Central to understanding this diversity is the distinction between the core and pan genomes.The core genome comprises the genes shared by all sampled strains of a species, representing essential functions needed for fundamental cellular processes.
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Introduction to Microbial Ecology01:28

Introduction to Microbial Ecology

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Microbial ecology examines the complex web of interactions and diversity among microorganisms within various ecosystems. This field seeks to understand how microbial populations adapt to and influence their environments and how these interactions shape broader ecological processes. Microbes are integral to ecosystem function, participating in nutrient cycling, energy flow, and the maintenance of environmental homeostasis.An ecosystem represents a dynamic interaction between living organisms...
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Evolutionary Processes in Microbes01:26

Evolutionary Processes in Microbes

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Microbial evolution occurs rapidly due to short generation times and a variety of genetic processes, including horizontal gene transfer, mutation, recombination, and genetic drift. These mechanisms collectively enable microbes to adapt swiftly to changing environments.Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) allows genes to move between different species and occurs through three main mechanisms: conjugation, transformation, and transduction. Conjugation involves direct cell-to-cell contact for DNA...
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Human Virome01:26

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The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible...
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Video Experimental Relacionado

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Analysis of Interactions between Endobiotics and Human Gut Microbiota Using In Vitro Bath Fermentation Systems
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Universalidad de la dinámica microbiana humana

Amir Bashan1, Travis E Gibson1, Jonathan Friedman2

  • 1Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.

Nature
|June 10, 2016
PubMed
Resumen

Los microbiomas intestinales y bucales humanos muestran una dinámica ecológica universal, a diferencia de las comunidades de la piel. Este hallazgo es crucial para desarrollar terapias efectivas basadas en el microbioma, incluso después de tratamientos como el trasplante de microbiota fecal.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Investigación sobre el microbioma
  • Biología computacional
  • Ecología

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las comunidades microbianas asociadas a los humanos tienen un impacto significativo en la salud.
  • Las terapias basadas en el microbioma, como el trasplante de microbiota fecal, están en desarrollo.
  • Existe una alta variabilidad interindividual en la composición del microbioma.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Determinar si la dinámica de la comunidad microbiana humana es independiente del huésped (universal) o específica del huésped.
  • Investigar las implicaciones de la dinámica específica del huésped para las terapias de manipulación del microbioma.
  • Desarrollar un método computacional para caracterizar la dinámica microbiana humana.

Principales métodos:

  • Desarrolló un nuevo método computacional para analizar la dinámica microbiana.
  • Aplicó el método a los datos metagenómicos de sección transversal del Proyecto de Microbioma Humano y el Proyecto de Microbioma Estudiantil.
  • Dinámica microbiana comparada en diferentes lugares del cuerpo (intestino, boca, piel) y en estados de enfermedad (infección por C. difficile).

Principales resultados:

  • Los microbiomas intestinales y bucales exhiben una dinámica universal.
  • Los microbiomas de la piel muestran dinámicas influenciadas por las diferencias del entorno huésped.
  • La dinámica microbiana intestinal universal estuvo ausente en la infección recurrente por C. difficile, pero se restauró después del trasplante de microbiota fecal.

Conclusiones:

  • Los ecosistemas microbianos del intestino y la boca muestran en gran medida una dinámica ecológica universal.
  • Las comunidades microbianas de la piel están más influenciadas por factores específicos del huésped.
  • Comprender estas dinámicas es clave para diseñar terapias efectivas y generalizadas del microbioma.