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Determination of Crystal Structures

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In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
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Chirality is a term that describes the lack of mirror symmetry in an object. In other words, chiral objects cannot be superposed on their mirror images. For example, our feet are chiral, as the mirror image of the left foot, the right foot, cannot be superposed on the left foot.
Chiral objects exhibit a sense of handedness when they interact with another chiral object. For example, our left foot can only fit in the left shoe and not in the right shoe. Achiral objects — objects that have...
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The concept of prochirality leads to the nomenclature of the individual faces of a molecule and plays a crucial role in the enantioselective reaction. It is a concept where two or more achiral molecules react to produce chiral products. A typical process is the reaction of an achiral ketone to generate a chiral alcohol. Here, the achiral reactant reacts with an achiral reducing agent, sodium borohydride, to generate an equimolar mixture of the chiral enantiomers of the product. For example, an...
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Isomerism in Complexes
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Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...
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Chirality is the most intriguing yet essential facet of nature, governing life’s biochemical processes and precision. It can be observed from a snail shell pattern in a macroscopic world to an amino acid, the minutest building block of life. Most of the snails around the world have right-coiled shells because of the intrinsic chirality in their genes. All the amino acids present in the human body exist in an enantiomerically pure state, except for glycine - the sole achiral amino acid.
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Dicroísmo en cristales helicoidales

Xiaoyan Cui1, Shane M Nichols1, Oriol Arteaga2

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University , 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|September 13, 2016
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Este estudio introduce el dicroísmo helicoidal para analizar los cristales de d-manitol retorcidos. Este método óptico revela la mesostructura en materiales complejos, avanzando más allá de la microscopía tradicional para tejidos biológicos teñidos.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Óptica y fotónica
  • Ciencias de los materiales
  • La cristalografía

Sus antecedentes:

  • La caracterización de materiales complejos requiere comprender las interacciones de la luz con medios heterogéneos, anisotrópicos, absorbentes y ópticamente activos.
  • Las estructuras biológicas teñidas comparten estas complejidades ópticas, sin embargo, el análisis sistemático más allá de la microscopía petrográfica es limitado.
  • Los cristales moleculares a menudo crecen como cintas helicoidales, un fenómeno común pero poco apreciado.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Establecer un análisis óptico sistemático para materiales complejos y transparentes, específicamente cristales de d-manitol retorcidos.
  • Demostrar la utilidad del dicroísmo helicoidal para la caracterización de la mesostructura cristalina.
  • Para explorar las propiedades ópticas de los polimorfos de d-manitol cultivados con moléculas que absorben la luz.

Principales métodos:

  • Crecimiento de cristales de d-manitol retorcidos (polimorfos α y δ) a partir de fundidos que contienen moléculas que absorben la luz.
  • Utilizando la polarimetría de imágenes de matriz de Mueller para medir las propiedades ópticas.
  • Simulación de propiedades ópticas basadas en la microestructura lamelar y la absorción anisotrópica.

Principales resultados:

  • Los polimorfos de d-manitol cultivados con tintes exhiben un fuerte dicroísmo lineal en luz blanca polarizada.
  • El dicroísmo helicoidal caracteriza efectivamente la mesostructura de los policristales teñidos y estampados.
  • El estudio modela el tinte bis-azo Chicago sky blue por sus propiedades específicas de absorción.

Conclusiones:

  • El dicroísmo helicoidal ofrece un método poderoso para analizar la mesostructura de los materiales cristalinos retorcidos.
  • Esta técnica proporciona ideas difíciles de obtener con la microscopía convencional.
  • Los hallazgos avanzan en la caracterización óptica de materiales complejos y anisotrópicos como los tejidos biológicos teñidos.