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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Heterochromatin02:38

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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at...
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Position-effect Variegation02:32

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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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Euchromatin01:01

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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the less dense region of the chromatin and stains lighter. Euchromatin contains histone H3 extensively...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation- ChIP02:36

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Chromatin immunoprecipitation, or ChIP, is an antibody-based technique used to identify sites on DNA that bind to transcription factors of interest or histone proteins. It also helps determine the type of histone modifications such as acetylation, phosphorylation, or methylation.
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A Method to Study de novo Formation of Chromatin Domains
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Características distintas de los dominios de cromatina H3K4me3 y H3K27me3 en embriones preimplantados

Xiaoyu Liu1,2,3, Chenfei Wang1, Wenqiang Liu1

  • 1Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.

Nature
|September 15, 2016
PubMed
Resumen

Este estudio traza las principales modificaciones histónicas, la trimetilación de la histona H3 lisina 4 (H3K4me3) y la trimetilación de la histona H3 lisina 27 (H3K27me3), en embriones tempranos de ratón. El rápido restablecimiento de H3K4me3 después de la fertilización se correlaciona con la activación génica, mientras que los dominios amplios de H3K4me3 predicen la identidad celular.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología del desarrollo
  • La epigenética
  • La genómica

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las modificaciones de la histona regulan la expresión génica del desarrollo en embriones de mamíferos.
  • El análisis genómico de las modificaciones histónicas en embriones previos a la implantación es un desafío debido a la escasez de material.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Mapear los perfiles de todo el genoma de H3K4me3 y H3K27me3 en embriones de ratón antes de la implantación utilizando un método ChIP-seq a pequeña escala.
  • Investigar la dinámica y las características de estas modificaciones histónicas durante el desarrollo embrionario temprano.

Principales métodos:

  • Desarrolló y utilizó una técnica de inmunoprecipitación de cromatina a pequeña escala seguida de secuenciación (ChIP-seq).
  • Se analizó la distribución en todo el genoma de H3K4me3 (activación génica) y H3K27me3 (represión génica) en embriones de ratón preimplantación.

Principales resultados:

  • H3K4me3 se restablece mucho más rápido que H3K27me3 después de la fertilización, alineándose con la activación del genoma cigótico.
  • Se observaron preferencias de secuencias y características dinámicas distintas para H3K4me3 y H3K27me3.
  • Los dominios H3K4me3 amplios (> 5kb) se correlacionan con una mayor transcripción e identidad celular en el desarrollo preimplantacional y la derivación de células madre.

Conclusiones:

  • Proporcionó el primer mapa genómico de H3K4me3 y H3K27me3 en embriones previos a la implantación.
  • Los hallazgos ofrecen información sobre la rápida reprogramación epigenética y la determinación del destino celular durante el desarrollo temprano de los mamíferos.
  • El estudio facilita una mayor investigación sobre los mecanismos regulatorios epigenéticos en los primeros embriones.