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Desarrollo de la primera infancia, madurez: la ciencia a lo largo de la vida
Maureen M Black1, Susan P Walker2, Lia C H Fernald3
1Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; RTI International, Research Park, NC, USA.
Lancet (London, England)
|October 9, 2016
Resumen
Millones de niños pequeños carecen de acceso a programas de desarrollo temprano de calidad. Se necesitan medidas urgentes para garantizar un apoyo equitativo y multisectorial al desarrollo infantil y al bienestar a lo largo de toda la vida.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Psicología del desarrollo
- Salud global
- Políticas públicas
Sus antecedentes:
- Los programas de desarrollo de la primera infancia (PED) muestran diferencias significativas en calidad y acceso, especialmente para los niños menores de tres años.
- Se estima que 250 millones de niños menores de cinco años en los países de ingresos bajos y medios corren el riesgo de no desarrollar su potencial, indicado por el retraso en el crecimiento y la pobreza.
- Los avances científicos sustanciales, incluida la evidencia neurocientífica, destacan el vínculo crítico entre las experiencias tempranas y el desarrollo cerebral de por vida.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Examinar los avances científicos recientes en el desarrollo de la primera infancia.
- Revisar los compromisos globales y los avances de las políticas para la EDC desde el año 2000.
- Subrayar la necesidad urgente de una programación multisectorial y de calidad de la EDC.
Principales métodos:
- Análisis de medidas sustanciales para el riesgo de desarrollo, incluidas las tasas de retraso en el crecimiento y pobreza.
- Revisión de la literatura científica sobre el desarrollo neurológico y la adversidad temprana.
- Examen de los marcos políticos globales y las iniciativas de los programas.
Principales resultados:
- El 43% de los niños menores de cinco años en los países de ingresos bajos y medios enfrentan riesgos para su potencial de desarrollo.
- Progreso significativo en la investigación, los programas y las políticas para la EDC desde el año 2000.
- La evidencia neurocientífica confirma el impacto de la adversidad temprana y el cuidado de crianza en el desarrollo del cerebro.
Conclusiones:
- Las políticas y programas equitativos e integrales para la primera infancia son esenciales para alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible.
- Las intervenciones de calidad de la EDC que abarcan la salud, la nutrición, la seguridad, la prestación de cuidados y el aprendizaje temprano son cruciales.
- La inversión en ECD fomenta las habilidades intelectuales, la creatividad y el bienestar para un desarrollo adulto saludable.
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