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Solvents01:12

Solvents

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A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
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Organic Compounds03:02

Organic Compounds

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All living things are formed mostly of carbon compounds called organic compounds. The category of organic compounds includes both natural and synthetic compounds that contain carbon. Although a single, precise definition has yet to be identified by the chemistry community, most agree that a defining trait of organic molecules is the presence of carbon as the principal element, bonded to hydrogen and other carbon atoms. However, some carbon-containing compounds such as carbonates, cyanides, and...
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Entropy and Solvation02:05

Entropy and Solvation

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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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Radical Substitution: Halogenation of Alkanes and Alkyl Substituents01:27

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In the presence of heat or light, alkanes react with molecular halogens to form alkyl halides by a substitution reaction called radical halogenation. This reaction has three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination, as seen in the radical chlorination of methane to produce methyl chloride.
In the initiation step of the reaction, the chlorine molecule undergoes homolytic cleavage in the presence of light or heat, forming two highly reactive chlorine radicals. Propagation occurs in two...
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Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions01:38

Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions

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Overview
Alcohols can be synthesized from alkyl halides via nucleophilic substitution reactions. The highly polar carbon-halogen bond in the substrate makes halide a good leaving group.  The hydroxide ion or water can act as a nucleophile to take the place of halide and form an alcohol. The substitution reactions occur via two different reaction pathways, SN1 or SN2,  depending on the nature of carbon attached to the halide.
Primary alcohols are synthesized from primary alkyl halides, and the...
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Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents01:16

Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents

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Most acid-base titrations are performed in an aqueous medium. In aqueous titrations, water competes with weaker acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance, leading to ambiguous endpoints in the titration curve. Water also affects the partial ionization of weak acids or bases. For example, water accepts a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion formed is a stronger acid than acetic acid, and the acetate ion is a stronger base than water. As a result,...
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Alternativas a los disolventes alcanados convencionales

Mary L Harrell1, Thomas Malinski1, Coralys Torres-López1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|October 19, 2016
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Los oligómeros de hidrocarburos, como las poliolefinas, ofrecen alternativas seguras y no volátiles al heptano en las mezclas de disolventes. Estos disolventes oligoméricos demuestran un excelente rendimiento, igualando el heptano

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Química ecológica
  • Ciencia del disolvente
  • Química de los polímeros

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los solventes alcanos tradicionales de bajo peso molecular como el heptano plantean preocupaciones ambientales y de seguridad.
  • Hay una necesidad de alternativas de disolventes sostenibles, no tóxicos y reciclables en los procesos químicos.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Evaluar los oligómeros de hidrocarburos, específicamente las poliolefinas (PAO), como alternativas viables al heptano.
  • Evaluar el rendimiento de los OAP en sistemas de disolventes termomórficos y bifásicos.
  • Investigar la lixiviación, la solubilidad y las propiedades catalíticas de los OAP en comparación con el heptano.

Principales métodos:

  • Se utilizó la espectroscopia UV visible para comparar las propiedades de solubilidad de los PAO y el heptano.
  • Los OAP investigados en mezclas termomórficas con disolventes polares (metanol, etanol acuoso, DMF) y mezclas bifásicas con acetonitrilo.
  • Estudió la cinética de la isomerización del tinte azoico en PAO y disolventes de heptano, con y sin catalizadores de ácido carboxílico.

Principales resultados:

  • Los PAO presentan una baja lixiviación en fases polares, similar al heptano.
  • Los PAO demuestran una solubilidad comparable al heptano para tintes específicos.
  • Los OAP funcionan como agentes eficaces contra la lixiviación en las mezclas de disolventes.
  • Las tasas de isomerización del tinte azoico son equivalentes en PAO y heptano, tanto térmicamente como cuando se catalizan con ácidos carboxílicos.

Conclusiones:

  • Los oligómeros de hidrocarburos como los PAO son sustitutos efectivos, no tóxicos, no volátiles y reciclables para el heptano.
  • Los PAO mantienen las propiedades solventes deseables de los alcanos de bajo peso molecular.
  • Estos disolventes oligoméricos ofrecen una alternativa sostenible para diversas aplicaciones químicas, reduciendo la dependencia de los disolventes convencionales.