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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Exon Recombination02:32

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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon...
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G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

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GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
Sensory...
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Transducer Mechanism: G Protein–Coupled Receptors01:30

Transducer Mechanism: G Protein–Coupled Receptors

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G Protein–Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to various stimuli. GPCRs regulate critical physiological pathways and are excellent drug targets for treating diseases such as diabetes, cancer, obesity, depression, or Alzheimer's. Nearly 35% of approved drugs implement their therapeutic effects by selectively interacting with specific GPCRs.
GPCRs are also called heptahelical,...
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Real-time In Vitro Monitoring of Odorant Receptor Activation by an Odorant in the Vapor Phase
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Pseudo-pseudógenos de los receptores olfativos

Lucia L Prieto-Godino1, Raphael Rytz1, Benoîte Bargeton1

  • 1Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.

Nature
|November 4, 2016
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Los pseudogenes generalmente no son funcionales, pero un gen receptor de Drosophila (Ir75a) con un codón de terminación prematura produce una proteína funcional a través de la lectura translacional. Este fenómeno "pseudo-pseudogénico" puede estar muy extendido en la evolución de los receptores olfativos.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • La genómica
  • Biología evolutiva
  • La neurociencia

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los pseudogenes generalmente se consideran secuencias de ADN no funcionales resultantes de mutaciones genéticas.
  • Mientras que algunos ARN derivados de pseudógenos tienen funciones reguladoras, las proteínas derivadas de pseudógenos funcionales siguen siendo en gran medida desconocidas.
  • Las familias de genes de receptores olfativos a menudo contienen pseudogenes debido a presiones de selección relajadas.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Caracterizar un pseudogén específico dentro del repertorio de receptores ionotrópicos del glutamato de Drosophila sechellia.
  • Investigar las implicaciones funcionales de un codón de terminación prematura (PTC) en el locus de D. sechellia Ir75a.
  • Explorar el significado evolutivo y funcional de la lectura translacional en estructuras de tipo pseudogénico.

Principales métodos:

  • Secuenciación genética y análisis del locus de D. sechellia Ir75a.
  • Ensayos funcionales para detectar y analizar la lectura translacional del PTC.
  • Análisis comparativo de D. sechellia Ir75a con su ortólogo Drosophila melanogaster.
  • Investigación de las alteraciones del dominio de unión de los ligandos y de las propiedades de ajuste del olor.

Principales resultados:

  • El locus de D. sechellia Ir75a contiene un codón de terminación prematura (PTC) que se fija en la población.
  • La lectura translacional eficiente del PTC permite la producción de una proteína receptora funcional de D. sechellia Ir75a.
  • La lectura es específica de la neurona y depende de las secuencias posteriores, no del tipo de codón de terminación.
  • D. sechellia Ir75a exhibe un ajuste de olor alterado en comparación con su ortólogo, con cambios en el dominio de unión de ligando.
  • Se identificaron loci funcionales que contienen PTC en otros repertorios y especies de receptores olfativos.

Conclusiones:

  • Los pseudogenes, específicamente aquellos con PTC, pueden codificar proteínas funcionales a través de la lectura translacional, desafiando su designación no funcional.
  • El fenómeno de los "pseudo-pseudogenes" representa un mecanismo potencialmente generalizado para generar diversidad funcional en los repertorios de los receptores olfativos.
  • Las adaptaciones evolutivas en los dominios de unión de ligandos pueden conferir nuevas funciones quimiosensoriales incluso en genes con PTC.