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Attachment of Sister Chromatids

Attachment of Sister Chromatids

As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules. Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall...

Attachment of Sister Chromatids

Attachment of Sister Chromatids

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
Many proteins function together to control the spindle assembly checkpoint. Mutations affecting these proteins may allow cells to proceed into anaphase prematurely, resulting in the...

Forces Acting on Chromosomes

Forces Acting on Chromosomes

During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis.
Microtubules and motor proteins exert two types of forces on...

Spindle Assembly

Spindle Assembly

Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the microtubule-mediated pathway – collectively contributing to form a robust spindle apparatus.
In most cells, centrosomes are the primary microtubule nucleation centers. In the centrosome-mediated pathway, the G2-prophase transition triggers centrosome maturation and increased microtubule nucleation. Progressive nucleation results in a...

The Mitotic Spindle

The Mitotic Spindle

The mitotic spindle—or spindle apparatus—is a eukaryotic, cytoskeletal structure made up of long protein fibers called microtubules. Formed during cell division, the spindle separates sister chromatids and moves them to opposite ends of a parental cell, where the now individual chromosomes are distributed to two daughter cell nuclei.
The bipolar configuration of the mitotic spindle facilitates chromosomal segregation, preparing the cell for division. One mechanism that ensures...

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Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

Published on: March 3, 2016

MIS12/MIND Control en el Kinetochore

Rene Ladurner¹, Aaron F Straight¹

¹Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

|November 5, 2016

Resumen

Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Los complejos de cinetocoros, MIS12 y MIND, se revelaron estructuralmente, detallando cómo vinculan los cromosomas a los microtúbulos para la división celular. Estos hallazgos iluminan los mecanismos cruciales para la segregación cromosómica precisa durante la mitosis.

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Área de la Ciencia:

Biología celular
Biología molecular
La bioquímica

Sus antecedentes:

Los cinetocoros son estructuras multiproteicas esenciales que median la unión cromosoma-microtubular.
La segregación cromosómica precisa durante la mitosis se basa en los cinetocoros funcionales.
Los complejos MIS12 y MIND son componentes clave del cinetocoro.

Objetivo del estudio:

Para aclarar la organización estructural de los complejos de cinetocoros MIS12 humanos y de la levadura en ciernes.
Identificar los mecanismos reguladores que rigen las interacciones entre cinetocoros y microtúbulos.
Proporcionar información sobre las bases moleculares de la segregación cromosómica.

Principales métodos:

La cristalografía de rayos X y la microscopía criolectrónica se utilizaron para determinar estructuras complejas.
Se emplearon ensayos bioquímicos para investigar los mecanismos reguladores.
Se realizó un análisis comparativo entre los complejos humanos y de levadura.

Principales resultados:

Se resolvieron las estructuras detalladas de los complejos humanos MIS12 y de levadura MIND.
Se identificaron las interacciones reguladoras clave dentro de estos complejos.
Las ideas estructurales explican cómo estos complejos facilitan la unión de microtúbulos.

Conclusiones:

El estudio revela la arquitectura de los complejos de cinetocoros MIS12 y MIND.
La comprensión de estas estructuras aclara los mecanismos de enlace cromosoma-microtubo.
Este trabajo avanza en nuestro conocimiento de la segregación cromosómica mitótica.