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El impacto a largo plazo del dinero móvil en la pobreza y el género
Tavneet Suri1,2,3,4,5, William Jack6
1Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. tavneet@mit.edu.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
|December 13, 2016
Resumen
El dinero móvil, como el M-PESA de Kenia, impulsó el consumo y sacó a los hogares de la pobreza. La resiliencia financiera, el ahorro y el cambio de las mujeres a los negocios impulsaron estos impactos de reducción de la pobreza.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Las economías
- Estudios de desarrollo
- Tecnología financiera
Sus antecedentes:
- Los servicios de dinero móvil permiten transacciones monetarias a través de teléfonos móviles, ampliamente adoptados en Kenia.
- El sistema M-PESA es una plataforma de dinero móvil prominente en Kenia.
- La reducción de la pobreza sigue siendo un desafío clave para el desarrollo en muchas regiones.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Estimar el impacto de la adopción del dinero móvil en los niveles de pobreza en Kenia.
- Analizar los mecanismos a través de los cuales el dinero móvil afecta el comportamiento financiero y los resultados del mercado laboral.
- Evaluar los impactos diferenciales en varios tipos de hogares, incluidos los hogares encabezados por mujeres.
Principales métodos:
- Análisis econométrico de los datos de los hogares para estimar el efecto causal del acceso a M-PESA.
- Examen de los cambios en el consumo, los comportamientos financieros (ahorro, resiliencia) y la participación en el mercado laboral.
- Desagregación de los resultados por datos demográficos de los hogares, en particular por el número de cabezas de familia.
Principales resultados:
- El acceso a M-PESA aumentó el consumo per cápita y sacó de la pobreza a 194.000 hogares (2% del total).
- Las repercusiones fueron mayores para los hogares encabezados por mujeres.
- La adopción del dinero móvil se relacionó con una mayor resiliencia financiera, ahorro y un cambio en las ocupaciones de las mujeres de la agricultura a las empresas.
Conclusiones:
- Los sistemas de dinero móvil como M-PESA pueden ser herramientas efectivas para reducir la pobreza.
- La innovación financiera puede mejorar la eficiencia económica al mejorar el suavizado del consumo y la asignación de mano de obra.
- Las políticas de apoyo a la adopción del dinero móvil pueden generar importantes beneficios socioeconómicos, en particular para las poblaciones vulnerables.
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