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Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

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Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
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Catalizador bimetálico Ag-Sn con una estructura de núcleo para la reducción de CO2

Wesley Luc1, Charles Collins1, Siwen Wang2

  • 1Center of Catalytic Science and Technology, Department and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|January 18, 2017
PubMed
Resumen

Los investigadores desarrollaron nuevos catalizadores de núcleo de plata y estaño (Ag-Sn) para la conversión eficiente de dióxido de carbono (CO2). Estos catalizadores demuestran una alta selectividad para la producción de formatos, ofreciendo una ruta prometedora para la utilización de CO2 y la reducción de emisiones.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Ciencias de los materiales
  • La electroquímica
  • Catálisis

Sus antecedentes:

  • La conversión de dióxido de carbono (CO2) en sustancias químicas valiosas es crucial para mitigar las emisiones.
  • La reducción electroquímica de CO2 requiere catalizadores para superar las barreras de energía de activación.
  • Los metales de transición de primera fila muestran potencial pero sufren de oxidación debido a la alta afinidad con el oxígeno.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Diseñar y sintetizar electrocatalizadores de núcleo de Ag-Sn para una conversión eficiente de CO2.
  • Para investigar el papel de una cáscara parcialmente oxidada en el rendimiento catalítico.
  • Comprender el mecanismo de activación del CO2 y la producción de formato.

Principales métodos:

  • Síntesis de electrocatalizadores bimetálicos Ag-Sn con nanoestructuras de núcleo y cáscara.
  • Caracterización electroquímica para evaluar la actividad catalítica y la selectividad.
  • Cálculos de la teoría de la densidad funcional (DFT) para aclarar los mecanismos de reacción y los sitios activos.

Principales resultados:

  • Un catalizador óptimo con una capa de SnOx de ~ 1,7 nm logró una eficiencia Faradaic de ~ 80% y una densidad de corriente parcial de ~ 16 mA cm-2 a -0.8 V frente a RHE.
  • Los cálculos de DFT revelaron que las vacantes de oxígeno en SnO101) son cruciales para la activación de CO2.
  • Se encontró una correlación lineal entre la energía de adsorción de CO2 en las vacantes de oxígeno y el rendimiento catalítico.

Conclusiones:

  • Las nanoestructuras de núcleo de Ag-Sn con capas parcialmente oxidadas son efectivas para la formación de electrorreducción de CO2.
  • Las vacantes de oxígeno en la capa de SnOx juegan un papel fundamental en la estabilización de los intermedios y la mejora de la actividad catalítica.
  • El estudio proporciona información sobre el diseño de catalizadores para la conversión selectiva de CO2 e identifica descriptores clave para la optimización del rendimiento.