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Buffers02:56

Buffers

A solution containing appreciable amounts of a weak conjugate acid-base pair is called a buffer solution, or a buffer. Buffer solutions resist a change in pH when small amounts of a strong acid or a strong base are added. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl...
Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases02:16

Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

In 1923, the Brønsted–Lowry definition of acids and bases was proposed by Johannes Brønsted and Thomas Lowry. According to this theory, a Brønsted acid is defined as a species that donates a proton in a chemical reaction and gets converted to its conjugate base. A Brønsted base is defined as a species that accepts a proton in a chemical reaction and gets converted into its conjugate acid. These transfers of protons are caused by the displacement of electrons in these reactions, which is...
Stomach pH Regulation01:21

Stomach pH Regulation

The human body carefully regulates the internal pH of different organs to maintain homeostasis. For example, while the blood plasma maintains a neutral pH of 7, the stomach lumen has an acidic pH of 1.5 - 3.5. The low pH of stomach lumen helps kill pathogens in the food and break down complex food molecules.
The acid-secreting gastric mucosal epithelial cells (parietal cells) lining the stomach lumen maintain the low pH in the lumen. Numerous ion transporters and channels on these parietal...
Acid–Base Equilibria: Activity-Based Definition of pH01:10

Acid–Base Equilibria: Activity-Based Definition of pH

For an ideal solution, the pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. For a non-ideal solution, an accurate measurement of the pH must consider the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity rather than concentration. In such a solution, the pH can be more accurately defined as the negative logarithm of a product of the hydrogen ion concentration and its activity coefficient.
In solutions of very low ionic strength—for example, pure water—the activity...
Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

Metabolic reactions in the body produce nonvolatile acids, such as sulfuric acid, which generate an acid load of approximately 1 mEq of H+ per kilogram of body weight daily. Excreting H+ in the urine is essential to balance this acid load.
In the kidneys, cells within the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and the collecting ducts secrete hydrogen ions (H+) into the tubular fluid. Specifically, in the PCT, Na+/H+ antiporters secrete H+ while reabsorbing Na+.
However, the intercalated cells in...
Buffers: Overview01:30

Buffers: Overview

Buffers play a crucial role in stabilizing the pH of a solution by mitigating the effects of small amounts of added acid or base. They consist of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl (aq).

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Video Experimental Relacionado

Updated: May 10, 2026

Functional Characterization of Na+/H+ Exchangers of Intracellular Compartments Using Proton-killing Selection to Express Them at the Plasma Membrane
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Published on: March 30, 2015

Un receptor en el ácido

Qiuyan Chen1, John J G Tesmer1

  • 1The Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.

Cell
|January 28, 2017
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Los investigadores revelaron la estructura cristalina de la dietilamida de ácido lisérgico (LSD) unida al receptor de la serotonina 5-HT2B. Este avance explica el LSD

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • La neurociencia
  • Biología estructural
  • Farmacología

Sus antecedentes:

  • La dietilamida de ácido lisérgico (LSD) es un potente compuesto psicodélico conocido por sus profundos efectos sobre la percepción y la cognición.
  • Comprender las interacciones moleculares del LSD con sus objetivos es crucial para dilucidar sus mecanismos psicoactivos.
  • El receptor de serotonina 5-HT2B es un objetivo clave implicado en los efectos de las drogas psicodélicas.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para determinar la estructura cristalina de alta resolución del LSD en complejo con el receptor de serotonina 5-HT2B.
  • Proporcionar información molecular sobre las interacciones de unión que gobiernan los efectos alucinógenos potentes y duraderos del LSD.
  • Para comparar la base estructural de la actividad del LSD con los compuestos psicodélicos relacionados.

Principales métodos:

  • Se empleó la cristalografía de rayos X para resolver la estructura tridimensional del complejo receptor LSD-5-HT2B.
  • Se realizaron determinación y análisis de la estructura para identificar las principales interacciones de unión y los cambios conformacionales.

Principales resultados:

  • Se determinó con éxito la estructura cristalina del LSD unido al receptor 5-HT2B, lo que representa la primera estructura de una droga psicodélica con su objetivo.
  • Se aclararon las interacciones moleculares específicas entre el LSD y el receptor, destacando las características que contribuyen a su afinidad de unión.
  • La estructura revela modos de unión distintos que pueden explicar la duración prolongada y la alta potencia del LSD en comparación con los análogos.

Conclusiones:

  • Este estudio proporciona detalles moleculares sin precedentes sobre cómo interactúa el LSD con el receptor 5-HT2B.
  • Los hallazgos ofrecen una base estructural para comprender el perfil farmacológico único del LSD, incluida su potencia y duración.
  • La estructura informada sirve como base para el diseño de nuevos compuestos psicoactivos o terapias dirigidas al receptor 5-HT2B.