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Metamateriales mecánicos en el límite teórico de la rigidez elástica isotrópica
J B Berger1,2, H N G Wadley3, R M McMeeking1,2,4,5
1Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5050, USA.
Nature
|February 21, 2017
Resumen
Los investigadores identificaron una nueva geometría de material que alcanza los límites elásticos teóricos. Este metamaterial mecánico de baja densidad ofrece una rigidez superior, absorción de energía y propiedades acústicas sintonizables, fabricables mediante métodos de plegado simples.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Ciencias de los materiales
- Ingeniería mecánica
- Los metamateriales
Sus antecedentes:
- Las aplicaciones de alto rendimiento exigen materiales con control de forma bajo tensión y baja densidad.
- Las estructuras bioinspiradas como los panales y las celosías ofrecen excelentes relaciones de rigidez a peso.
- Los avances en la impresión 3D permiten la fabricación compleja y de bajo costo de estos metamateriales mecánicos.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Identificar las geometrías de los materiales que alcanzan los límites superiores teóricos de la elasticidad isotrópica y el almacenamiento de energía por deformación (límite superior de Hashin-Shtrikman).
- Comprender cómo se distribuye la energía de deformación bajo carga en varias geometrías de materiales.
- Descubrir características morfológicas relacionadas con el alto rendimiento elástico en metamateriales mecánicos.
Principales métodos:
- Se utilizaron modelos de elementos finitos y métodos analíticos para evaluar la distribución de la energía de deformación.
- Se empleó un esquema de optimización heurística para identificar geometrías de materiales óptimas.
- Comparación del rendimiento con las redes de celosías existentes y los panales anisotrópicos.
Principales resultados:
- Identificó una nueva geometría de material que alcanza los límites superiores de Hashin-Shtrikman para la rigidez elástica isotrópica.
- Se determinó que las redes de placas rígidas y bien distribuidas son cruciales para una transferencia de carga eficiente.
- Demostró que este diseño supera las limitaciones de los metamateriales anteriores.
Conclusiones:
- El nuevo diseño de metamateriales basado en placas alcanza los límites elásticos teóricos.
- Este material presenta propiedades ventajosas que incluyen una alta absorción de energía, bandas acústicas sintonizables y aislamiento térmico.
- El diseño se puede fabricar utilizando técnicas simples de plegado y unión de hojas similares al origami.
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