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La mineralización enzimática genera hidrogeles ultra rígidos y resistentes con una mecánica ajustable
Nicolas Rauner1, Monika Meuris1, Mirjana Zoric1
1Technische Universität Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Strasse 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
Nature
|February 28, 2017
Resumen
Los investigadores han desarrollado nuevos hidrogeles que imitan los tejidos naturales. Estos materiales avanzados exhiben una rigidez y dureza superiores, superando el cartílago y la piel, utilizando nanoestructuras amorfas de fosfato de calcio.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Ciencias de los materiales
- Ingeniería de Biomateriales
- Química de los polímeros
Sus antecedentes:
- Los tejidos naturales como el cartílago y la piel poseen una rigidez y tenacidad notables debido a su alto contenido de agua y estructuras complejas.
- Los hidrogeles sintéticos existentes luchan por igualar las propiedades mecánicas de los tejidos naturales, particularmente en términos de rigidez.
- Los intentos anteriores de utilizar la cristalización de carbonato de calcio dieron como resultado materiales frágiles.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Diseñar hidrogeles sintéticos que compitan o excedan las propiedades mecánicas de los tejidos biológicos naturales.
- Para superar las limitaciones de rigidez de los hidrogeles sintéticos actuales.
- Desarrollar un nuevo método para crear hidrogeles mecánicamente robustos y versátiles.
Principales métodos:
- Formación inducida por enzimas de nanoestructuras amorfas de fosfato de calcio dentro de hidrogeles de polímeros.
- Distribución homogénea de las nanoestructuras minerales en toda la matriz del hidrogel.
- Caracterización de las propiedades mecánicas, incluido el módulo elástico y la energía de fractura.
Principales resultados:
- Energías de fractura alcanzadas de hasta 1.300 J/m2, superando a la mayoría de los materiales sintéticos hinchados por el agua.
- Rigididad modulada de hasta 440 MPa, superando el cartílago y la piel.
- Se han desarrollado materiales compuestos ópticamente transparentes y elásticos, incluso con muescas.
- Demostró que la percolación rige las propiedades mecánicas, especialmente la rigidez.
Conclusiones:
- Los hidrogeles uniformemente mineralizados con nanoestructuras amorfas de fosfato de calcio ofrecen un rendimiento mecánico superior.
- Estos nuevos hidrogeles presentan una alternativa prometedora a los tejidos naturales y a los materiales sintéticos avanzados.
- Los hallazgos abren nuevas vías para diseñar biomateriales de alto rendimiento.
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