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Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

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Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
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Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability01:14

Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability

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This example deals with managing the workability of concrete for a raft foundation project under hot weather conditions. Workability is crucial for ensuring the concrete is easy to place, compact, and finish. In this scenario, a slump test — a common method to measure the workability of fresh concrete — initially indicated low workability. This was attributed to the rapid water loss from the concrete mix, exacerbated by the high temperatures causing the course aggregates to heat up.
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Gradually Varying Flow01:29

Gradually Varying Flow

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Gradually varying flow (GVF) in open channels describes situations where water depth changes slowly along the channel due to factors like non-uniform bed slope, channel shape variations, or obstructions. This flow type occurs when the depth adjusts gradually to balance gravitational forces, shear forces, and energy requirements, resulting in a low rate of depth change.Characteristics of Gradually Varying FlowGVF is commonly observed in natural streams, rivers, and canals, where flow depth...
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Underflow Gates01:30

Underflow Gates

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Underflow gates are vital for controlling water flow in irrigation canals. The three main types of underflow gates — vertical, radial, and drum gates — serve different purposes while ensuring effective flow management. Vertical gates move up and down, generating a free-flowing water jet; radial gates pivot to regulate the flow; and drum gates rotate for precise adjustments. The flow through these gates is influenced by downstream conditions, resulting in free or drowned outflow.Free and...
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Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment01:17

Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment

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Flood risk assessment involves careful planning and analysis to ensure the safety of communities near water retention structures. Capacity contours are a vital tool in this process, as they illustrate the potential spread of water at specific levels in a given area. In the context of building a bund across a small valley, these contours play a critical role in evaluating the safety of nearby residential areas.In this example, the bund is intended to store stormwater in the valley. The engineers...
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Applications of Integration to Find Hydrostatic Pressure01:30

Applications of Integration to Find Hydrostatic Pressure

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Hydrostatic force is a fluid's total force at rest on a surface. For a horizontal surface submerged at a fixed depth, the pressure is constant and calculated as the product of fluid density, gravitational acceleration, and depth. In the case of a vertical dam wall submerged in water, this force is not evenly distributed due to the increasing pressure with depth. This variation arises from the cumulative weight of the water above each point. Integration is used to account for the continuous...
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Video Experimental Relacionado

Updated: May 6, 2026

Easy Manipulation of Architectures in Protein-based Hydrogels for Cell Culture Applications
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Easy Manipulation of Architectures in Protein-based Hydrogels for Cell Culture Applications

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Avances en ingeniería de hidrogeles

Yu Shrike Zhang1,2,3, Ali Khademhosseini4,2,3,5,6

  • 1Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|May 6, 2017
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Esta revisión cubre los avances en la ingeniería de hidrogeles, centrándose en mejorar su resistencia mecánica y funcionalidad. Las estrategias incluyen químicas innovadoras, modulación dinámica y arquitecturas sofisticadas para diversas aplicaciones.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Ciencias de los materiales
  • Química de los polímeros
  • Ingeniería biomédica

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los hidrogeles, compuestos de cadenas de polímeros hidrófilos en un entorno rico en agua, se utilizan ampliamente en biomedicina, electrónica blanda, sensores y actuadores.
  • Los hidrogeles convencionales tienen una resistencia mecánica limitada y una susceptibilidad a la rotura permanente.
  • Los hidrogeles existentes a menudo carecen de señales dinámicas y complejidad estructural, lo que restringe sus capacidades funcionales.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Revisar los avances recientes en el diseño y la ingeniería de hidrogeles.
  • Para resaltar estrategias para la manipulación precisa de las propiedades del hidrogel a través de múltiples escalas.
  • Abordar las limitaciones de los hidrogeles convencionales, centrándose en la resistencia mecánica y la funcionalidad dinámica.

Principales métodos:

  • Revisión de las sustancias químicas y composiciones innovadoras para el desarrollo de hidrogeles.
  • Integración de técnicas de modulación dinámica en el diseño de hidrogeles.
  • Exploración de arquitecturas sofisticadas para mejorar el rendimiento del hidrogel.

Principales resultados:

  • Los hidrogeles de ingeniería exhiben propiedades fisicoquímicas mejoradas en comparación con los convencionales.
  • Los nuevos diseños mejoran la resistencia mecánica, reducen la susceptibilidad a la rotura e introducen una respuesta dinámica.
  • Las arquitecturas avanzadas contribuyen a una mayor complejidad estructural y funcionalidades a medida.

Conclusiones:

  • Se han logrado avances significativos en la ingeniería de hidrogeles con propiedades superiores.
  • Las estrategias que involucran química, modulación dinámica y arquitectura son clave para superar las limitaciones.
  • Estos hidrogeles de ingeniería ofrecen un potencial ampliado para aplicaciones avanzadas en varios campos.