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Pruebas sobre las intervenciones de salud pública en crisis humanitarias
Karl Blanchet1, Anita Ramesh2, Severine Frison2
1Health in Humanitarian Crises Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
Lancet (London, England)
|June 13, 2017
Resumen
La evidencia sobre las intervenciones de salud pública en crisis humanitarias es limitada en cantidad y calidad. Esta revisión sistemática pone de relieve importantes lagunas de investigación, en particular para las enfermedades no transmisibles y las intervenciones de agua, saneamiento e higiene.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Salud pública
- Respuesta humanitaria
- Intervenciones basadas en pruebas
Sus antecedentes:
- Reconocimiento creciente de la necesidad de respuestas humanitarias efectivas y eficientes.
- Comprensión limitada de la amplitud y la calidad de la evidencia existente sobre las intervenciones sanitarias en crisis humanitarias.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Revisar sistemáticamente la cantidad y la calidad de las pruebas sobre las intervenciones de salud pública en situaciones de crisis humanitarias.
- Identificar las principales lagunas de investigación en este campo.
Principales métodos:
- Revisión sistemática de los estudios publicados entre 1980 y 2014.
- Criterios de inclusión aplicados para identificar investigaciones relevantes sobre las intervenciones sanitarias en contextos humanitarios.
- Análisis de la cantidad y calidad de la evidencia en diferentes temas de salud.
Principales resultados:
- Se identificaron 345 estudios, con variaciones significativas en la cantidad de evidencia por tema de salud (por ejemplo, enfermedades transmisibles: 131, nutrición: 77, enfermedades no transmisibles: 8).
- Se observaron debilidades comunes en el diseño y la metodología del estudio, lo que limita la capacidad de determinar la causalidad y la atribución de la intervención.
- La cantidad y la calidad de las pruebas son notablemente limitadas, especialmente para las enfermedades no transmisibles y el agua, el saneamiento y la higiene (WASH).
Conclusiones:
- A pesar del aumento de las actividades sanitarias humanitarias, la base de investigación sigue siendo limitada tanto en cantidad como en calidad.
- Hay una necesidad crítica de ampliar la investigación sobre las intervenciones de salud en entornos humanitarios.
- Abordar las lagunas de investigación es esencial para mejorar la eficacia y la eficiencia de las respuestas sanitarias humanitarias.
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