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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS)01:15

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The resolution of a mass spectrometer depends on the efficiency of separating ions with different ion masses. The mass of an atom is approximated to the sum of the masses of protons and neutrons inside, considering the masses of protons and neutrons as equal. However, the masses of the proton (1.6726 × 10−24 g) and neutron (1.6749 × 10−24 g) are not truly equal. There is a minor error in the expression of atomic masses relative to the simplest atom of hydrogen. For...
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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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The mass analyzer is a crucial component of the mass spectrometer. In the ionization chamber, the vaporized sample is bombarded with a high-energy electron beam to generate a radical cation and further fragment into neutral molecules, radicals, and cations. A series of negatively charged accelerator plates accelerate the cations into the mass analyzer. The mass analyzer separates ions according to their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios and then directs them to the detector. The common types of mass...
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Interference leads to systematic error in atomic absorption (AA) measurements by enhancing or diminishing the analytical signal or the background. These interferences can be grouped into three main categories: spectral interference, chemical interference, and physical interference.
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Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−
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Sexo con una resolución atómica

Jae Yeon Hwang1, Jean-Ju Chung2

  • 1Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.

Cell
|June 17, 2017
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Las barreras de fertilización específicas de la especie se aplican molecularmente. Los investigadores revelaron la proteína de la capa del huevo de molusco VERL compleja con la proteína de la lisina del esperma, que ofrece información sobre la biología reproductiva de los mamíferos.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología de la reproducción
  • Biología estructural
  • Mecanismos moleculares de la fertilización

Sus antecedentes:

  • La fertilización entre especies es poco frecuente, principalmente debido a los mecanismos moleculares que impiden la fusión exitosa de los gametos.
  • Comprender estas barreras reproductivas específicas de la especie es crucial para la biología reproductiva y los esfuerzos de conservación.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para aclarar la base molecular del reconocimiento de gametos específico de la especie.
  • Determinar la base estructural de la interacción entre la proteína VERL de la capa de huevo de molusco y la lisina de la proteína del esperma.

Principales métodos:

  • Se utilizó la cristalografía de rayos X para determinar la estructura compleja de VERL y lisina.
  • Se realizó un análisis bioinformático para comparar VERL con proteínas homólogas de otras especies.

Principales resultados:

  • Se revelaron las estructuras cristalinas de la proteína de la capa de huevo de molusco VERL compleja con su proteína de esperma ligada a la lisina.
  • VERL comparte similitudes estructurales con la proteína zona pelúcida de los mamíferos 2 (ZP2).

Conclusiones:

  • Los hallazgos proporcionan una base estructural para comprender el reconocimiento de gametos específicos de la especie en los moluscos.
  • La similitud estructural entre VERL y ZP2 de mamíferos sugiere que mecanismos moleculares similares pueden ser la base del reconocimiento de gametos en los mamíferos.