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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference

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In atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), high-temperature atomizers excite a broad range of elements and molecules that generate complex emissions from sources such as oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products in the flame or plasma. Several strategies can be employed to minimize spectral interferences caused by overlapping emission lines or bands. These include increasing instrument resolution, choosing alternative emission lines, optimally placing the detector in low-background regions,...
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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Interference01:25

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Interference leads to systematic error in atomic absorption (AA) measurements by enhancing or diminishing the analytical signal or the background. These interferences can be grouped into three main categories: spectral interference, chemical interference, and physical interference.
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Volatilization gravimetry is an analytical technique that measures the mass lost due to the volatilization of the substance. This technique is used to estimate the amount of volatile material in a sample. To perform this method, heat a known amount of the sample to a high temperature in a crucible or other suitable vessel. The volatile substance in the sample evaporates, and the vapor is completely expelled from the crucible either by heating the sample or bubbling a stream of inert gas through...
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Fuertes restricciones a las interacciones aerosol-nube de las erupciones volcánicas

Florent F Malavelle1, Jim M Haywood1,2, Andy Jones2

  • 1College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.

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|June 23, 2017
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Resumen

Las grandes erupciones volcánicas, como la erupción de Holuhraun de 2014-2015, ofrecen información sobre las interacciones entre los aerosoles y las nubes. Este estudio encontró que los aerosoles reducían principalmente el tamaño de las gotas de la nube, causando un brillo de la nube y el forzamiento radiativo, pero no alteraban significativamente otras propiedades de la nube.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Ciencias atmosféricas
  • Ciencias del clima
  • Ciencias de la Tierra

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los aerosoles influyen significativamente en el clima al interactuar con las nubes, pero su impacto preciso sigue siendo incierto.
  • Las erupciones volcánicas proporcionan experimentos naturales para estudiar las interacciones entre aerosoles y nubes y sus efectos climáticos.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Cuantificar el impacto de los aerosoles de la erupción volcánica de Holuhraun 2014-2015 en las propiedades de las nubes y el forzamiento radiativo.
  • Reducir las incertidumbres en las proyecciones climáticas mediante el examen de los efectos indirectos de los aerosoles en las nubes.

Principales métodos:

  • Análisis de las propiedades de las nubes y el forzamiento radiativo después de la erupción masiva de la fisura de 2014-2015 en Holuhraun, Islandia.
  • Utilizando la erupción como un experimento natural para observar las interacciones aerosol-nube.

Principales resultados:

  • La erupción condujo a una reducción en el tamaño de las gotas de nubes líquidas, consistente con las expectativas teóricas.
  • El brillo de las nubes observado y un forzamiento radiativo medio global de aproximadamente -0,2 W/m2 durante septiembre-octubre de 2014.
  • No se detectó ningún impacto discernible en otras propiedades de la nube, como la cantidad de nube o la trayectoria del agua líquida de la nube.

Conclusiones:

  • Los sistemas de nubes exhiben resistencia a los cambios en los aerosoles, con efectos indirectos bien amortiguados.
  • Los hallazgos ayudan a refinar los modelos climáticos al descartar aquellos con respuestas excesivas de vía líquida-agua a los aerosoles.
  • Esta investigación reduce las incertidumbres en las proyecciones climáticas relacionadas con las interacciones entre aerosoles y nubes.