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La observación de escenas sociales por parte de los bebés está bajo control genético y es atípica en el autismo
John N Constantino1,2,3, Stefanie Kennon-McGill1, Claire Weichselbaum1
1Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
Nature
|July 13, 2017
Resumen
Los factores genéticos influyen significativamente en cómo los bebés se involucran visualmente con las señales sociales, lo que afecta la búsqueda de información social. Este compromiso visual se ve afectado en el autismo, destacando su papel como un endofenotipo del desarrollo neurológico.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Psicología del desarrollo
- Genética del comportamiento
- La neurociencia
Sus antecedentes:
- Los bebés se enfocan naturalmente en los estímulos sociales como las caras para el aprendizaje y el compromiso.
- El compromiso visual social es crucial para el desarrollo típico del bebé.
- Este compromiso se ve afectado notablemente en niños con trastorno del espectro autista (TEA).
Objetivo del estudio:
- Investigar la influencia genética en el compromiso visual social en los niños pequeños.
- Para determinar si las variaciones en los patrones de atención visual son hereditarias.
- Explorar el vínculo entre los rasgos hereditarios de compromiso visual y el autismo.
Principales métodos:
- Se realizaron experimentos de seguimiento ocular en 338 niños pequeños, incluidos gemelos y niños con y sin autismo.
- Analizó la atención preferente a las escenas sociales y regiones faciales específicas (ojos, boca).
- Las tasas de concordancia de gemelos monocigóticos y dicigóticos calculadas para los patrones de participación visual.
Principales resultados:
- Se observó una alta concordancia en gemelos monocigóticos (0,91) en comparación con gemelos dicigóticos (0,35), lo que indica una fuerte influencia genética.
- La atención preferente a las regiones de los ojos y la boca mostró una alta heredabilidad.
- Los niños con autismo mostraron una disminución de la atención preferencial a estas áreas faciales.
Conclusiones:
- El compromiso visual social está significativamente influenciado por factores genéticos.
- Los patrones de compromiso visual hereditarios sirven como un endofenotipo de desarrollo neurológico para el autismo.
- Esta investigación arroja luz sobre la variación a nivel de población en la búsqueda de información social y la construcción de nichos biológicos.
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