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Sutures of the Skull

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
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Overview of the Skull01:08

Overview of the Skull

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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Synteny and Evolution02:31

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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
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Reverse Dissection and DiceCT Reveal Otherwise Hidden Data in the Evolution of the Primate Face
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Nuevo cráneo infantil del Mioceno africano arroja luz sobre la evolución de los simios

Isaiah Nengo1,2, Paul Tafforeau3, Christopher C Gilbert4,5,6

  • 1Department of Anthropology, De Anza College, Cupertino, California 95104, USA.

Nature
|August 11, 2017
PubMed
Resumen

El cráneo de simio fósil de Kenia revela ideas sobre la evolución temprana de los homínidos. Este descubrimiento arroja luz sobre los orígenes de los monos y los humanos durante la época del Mioceno.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Paleoantropología
  • La evolución de los primates
  • Descubrimientos fósiles

Sus antecedentes:

  • La historia evolutiva de los humanos y los simios (hominoides) no se entiende bien.
  • El registro fósil africano de la época del Mioceno consiste principalmente en mandíbulas y dientes aislados, lo que limita el conocimiento de la evolución del cráneo de los simios.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para describir el cráneo de mono fósil más completo encontrado hasta la fecha.
  • Para investigar las características craneales y dentales de una nueva especie de simio fósil de Kenia.

Principales métodos:

  • Excavación y análisis de un cráneo de mono fósil (KNM-NP 59050) del sitio del Mioceno Medio de Napudet, Kenia, de hace 13 millones de años.
  • Imágenes de sincrotrón para visualizar los dientes permanentes sin erupción.
  • Análisis morfológico comparativo con catarinas existentes y fósiles.

Principales resultados:

  • El descubrimiento de KNM-NP 59050, una nueva especie de *Nyanzapithecus*, que representa el cráneo de simio fósil más completo descrito.
  • El espécimen exhibe un ectotimpánico tubular completamente osificado, un rasgo derivado compartido con las catarrinas de la corona.
  • El desarrollo y la morfología dentales muestran algunas similitudes con los hylobatids, pero carecen de sinapomorfías definitivas de hylobatids.

Conclusiones:

  • Se sugiere que los Nyanzapitecines son hominoides de tallo, estrechamente relacionados con el origen de los simios existentes.
  • Las características que se asemejan a los hilobátidos pueden haber evolucionado de forma independiente varias veces dentro de la evolución de los catarrhinos.