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The Significance of Membrane Transport01:44

The Significance of Membrane Transport

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The transport of solutes across the cell membrane is essential for metabolic processes, like maintaining cell size and volume, generating the action potential, exchanging nutrients and gases, etc. Membrane transport can be either passive or active. It can be simple diffusion, facilitated, or mediated transport aided by transport proteins such as transporters and channels.
Transporters facilitate either an active or passive movement of solutes. They can allow a single-molecule transport down its...
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Primary Active Transport01:29

Primary Active Transport

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would...
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Primary Active Transport01:47

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Introduction to Membrane Traffic01:44

Introduction to Membrane Traffic

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The ER, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, and lysosomes work in tandem to modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids. An integrated membrane trafficking network facilitates the back and forth shuttling of molecules within different organelles in the same cell or across the cell membrane.
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The Movement of Organelles and Vesicles01:43

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In eukaryotic cells,  cytoskeletal filaments such as actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments form a mesh-like cytoskeletal network. These filaments serve as tracks for transporting cellular cargo. Specialized motor proteins use the chemical energy stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for this transport. During interphase, microtubules are polarized, with the plus-end towards the cell periphery and the minus-end towards the cell center. Two microtubule-associated motor proteins,...
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Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane01:28

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The translocon complex situated on the ER membrane is the main gateway for the protein secretory pathway. It facilitates the transport of nascent peptides into the ER lumen and their insertion into the ER membrane.
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Video Experimental Relacionado

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Membrane Transport Processes Analyzed by a Highly Parallel Nanopore Chip System at Single Protein Resolution
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Máquinas moleculares que abren las membranas celulares

Víctor García-López1,2, Fang Chen3, Lizanne G Nilewski1,2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA.

Nature
|September 1, 2017
PubMed
Resumen

Las máquinas moleculares perforan las membranas celulares mediante acción nanomecánica, lo que permite la administración controlada de sustancias y la muerte celular. Este método físico ofrece nuevas posibilidades para aplicaciones biomédicas más allá de las estrategias químicas actuales.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • La biofísica
  • Nanotecnología
  • Biología celular

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las técnicas físicas como los campos eléctricos, la temperatura y el ultrasonido se utilizan para manipular las membranas celulares para la entrega de compuestos o la inducción de la muerte celular.
  • Los motores y interruptores moleculares ofrecen cambios de conformación controlados para acciones mecánicas en aplicaciones biomédicas.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para demostrar que las máquinas moleculares pueden crear agujeros en las bicapas celulares a través de la acción nanomecánica.
  • Explorar el uso de máquinas moleculares para la difusión controlada de sustancias, la inducción de la muerte celular y la entrega dirigida.

Principales métodos:

  • Adsorber motores moleculares diseñados en las bicapas de lípidos y activarlos con luz ultravioleta.
  • Utilizando la acción nanomecánica para inducir la difusión de las especies químicas de las vesículas sintéticas.
  • Introducir máquinas moleculares rastreables en las células vivas e inducir la necrosis o el suministro químico.

Principales resultados:

  • Las máquinas moleculares perforaron con éxito agujeros en las membranas celulares tras la activación UV.
  • Se ha demostrado la difusión controlada de especies químicas dentro y fuera de las células.
  • Demostró la orientación selectiva de los sitios de la superficie celular utilizando máquinas moleculares modificadas por péptidos.
  • Necrosis inducida en células vivas por acción nanomecánica.

Conclusiones:

  • Las máquinas moleculares pueden romper efectivamente las bicapas celulares utilizando la acción nanomecánica.
  • Este enfoque físico proporciona un nuevo método para el intercambio de sustancias intracelulares e intercelulares.
  • El desarrollo futuro puede permitir aplicaciones in vivo con métodos avanzados de activación.