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¿Qué es la conciencia, y podrían tenerla las máquinas?

Stanislas Dehaene^1,2, Hakwan Lau^3,4, Sid Kouider⁵

¹Chair of Experimental Cognitive Psychology, Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France. stanislas.dehaene@cea.fr.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|October 28, 2017

Resumen

Investigar la conciencia de la máquina requiere entender las computaciones del cerebro humano. Este estudio diferencia los procesos conscientes de transmisión global (C1) y autocontrol (C2) de los inconscientes (C0), lo que sugiere que la IA actual imita a C0.

Área de la Ciencia:

La neurociencia
Inteligencia artificial
Ciencias cognitivas
Filosofía de la mente

Sus antecedentes:

El debate sobre la conciencia de la máquina gira en torno a la comprensión de la conciencia biológica en el cerebro humano.
Los éxitos actuales de la inteligencia artificial no equivalen a una conciencia genuina.
El término "conciencia" a menudo se usa de manera ambigua, que abarca distintas funciones cognitivas.

Objetivo del estudio:

Diferenciar entre distintos tipos de procesamiento de información en el cerebro humano relacionado con la conciencia.
Analizar las arquitecturas actuales de aprendizaje automático en el contexto del procesamiento inconsciente y consciente humano.
Proponer un marco para desarrollar una IA más sofisticada inspirada en los mecanismos neuronales de la conciencia.

Principales métodos:

Revisión de la literatura de ciencias psicológicas y neurológicas sobre los cálculos cerebrales inconscientes (C0) y conscientes (C1, C2).
Análisis conceptual del procesamiento de información en la conciencia humana y los sistemas actuales de IA.
Análisis comparativo de los mecanismos computacionales subyacentes a los procesos C0, C1 y C2.

Principales resultados:

Se propone que la conciencia implique dos cálculos distintos: la difusión de información global (C1) y el autocontrol de los cálculos (C2).
La IA actual implementa predominantemente cálculos análogos al procesamiento inconsciente (C0) en el cerebro humano.
Se hace una clara distinción entre el procesamiento inconsciente (C0), la disponibilidad global (C1) y la certeza subjetiva (C2).

Conclusiones:

Comprender la base neuronal de C1 y C2 es crucial para avanzar en la inteligencia artificial hacia la conciencia genuina.
Las futuras arquitecturas de IA podrían inspirarse en los distintos principios computacionales de los procesos humanos C0, C1 y C2.
Esta investigación proporciona un marco neurocientífico para evaluar y desarrollar la conciencia artificial.

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