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Las neuroliginas astrocíticas controlan la morfogénesis y la sinaptogénesis de los astrocitos

Jeff A Stogsdill¹, Juan Ramirez¹, Di Liu²

¹Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.

|November 10, 2017

Resumen

El desarrollo de los astrocitos (células gliales) depende del contacto neuronal, que influye en la formación de sinapsis. La deficiencia de neuroligina 2 (NL2) deteriora las sinapsis excitatorias pero mejora las inhibidoras, lo que sugiere un papel en los trastornos neurológicos.

Área de la Ciencia:

La neurociencia
Biología celular
Biología de las células gliales

Sus antecedentes:

Los astrocitos son células gliales con procesos extensos que interactúan con las sinapsis.
Los mecanismos que controlan la morfología de los astrocitos y su impacto en la conectividad sináptica son en gran medida desconocidos.

Objetivo del estudio:

Investigar los mecanismos que controlan la morfogénesis de los astrocitos.
Para determinar si la infiltración de los astrocitos en el neuropil afecta la conectividad sináptica.
Aclarar el papel de las neuroliginas en el desarrollo de los astrocitos y la función sináptica.

Principales métodos:

Estudió la morfogénesis de los astrocitos en la corteza del ratón.
Investigó el papel de las proteínas de la familia de la neuroligina (NL) (NL1, NL2, NL3) y las neurexinas neuronales.
Se analizó la formación y función sináptica en ratones con deficiencia de NL2 específica de los astrocitos.

Principales resultados:

La morfogénesis de los astrocitos depende del contacto directo con los procesos neuronales y es paralela al desarrollo del circuito sináptico.
Las neuroliginas (NL1, NL2, NL3) expresadas por los astrocitos interactúan con las neurexinas neuronales para controlar la morfología de los astrocitos.
La ausencia de NL2 astrocítico disminuye la formación/función de la sinapsis excitatoria mientras mejora la función sináptica inhibidora.

Conclusiones:

La morfogénesis de los astrocitos está relacionada con la sinaptogénesis a través de las interacciones neuroligina-neurexina.
El astrocito NL2 juega un papel crítico en la regulación del equilibrio sináptico excitatorio e inhibidor.
Las neuroliginas disfuncionales en los astrocitos pueden contribuir a trastornos neurológicos.

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