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RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

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The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...
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RNA Structure01:19

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The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
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There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three...
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Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

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The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
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Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins01:03

Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins

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For successful DNA replication, the unwinding of double-stranded DNA must be accompanied by stabilization and protection of the separated single strands of the DNA. This crucial task is performed by single-strand DNA-binding (SSB) proteins. They bind to the DNA in a sequence-independent manner, which means that the nitrogenous bases of the DNA need not be present in a specific order for binding of SSB proteins to it. The binding of SSB proteins straightens single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and makes...
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The DNA Replication Fork01:02

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An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork.   Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication...
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Nucleic acids02:43

Nucleic acids

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Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.
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The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. It is in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the organelles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. In prokaryotes,...
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DNA Origami-Mediated Substrate Nanopatterning of Inorganic Structures for Sensing Applications
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Origami de ADN y ARN de una sola hebra

Dongran Han1,2, Xiaodong Qi3,4, Cameron Myhrvold1,2

  • 1Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|December 16, 2017
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Resumen

Los investigadores desarrollaron un nuevo método para diseñar cadenas de ADN o ARN que se pliegan en formas complejas y sin nudos. Este avance permite una nanotecnología escalable y ascendente con nanoestructuras de ácido nucleico replicables.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biotecnología
  • Nanotecnología
  • Biología sintética

Sus antecedentes:

  • El auto plegamiento de polímeros en estructuras definidas es crucial en biología.
  • El autoensamblaje multicomponente ha creado nanoestructuras sintéticas complejas.
  • Las estrategias de plegado unimolecular se han enfrentado a limitaciones en complejidad y escalabilidad.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Establecer un marco para el diseño y la síntesis de cadenas de ácido nucleico único que se doblan en formas arbitrarias, complejas y sin nudos.
  • Demostrar la viabilidad del plegamiento unimolecular para crear nanoestructuras replicables a gran escala.

Principales métodos:

  • Desarrollo de un marco computacional para predecir y diseñar vías de plegado unimoleculares.
  • Síntesis experimental de estructuras de ADN y ARN multicilobásicas de una sola cadena.
  • Replicación in vitro e in vivo (células vivas) de las hebras de ácido nucleico diseñadas.

Principales resultados:

  • Diseño exitoso y construcción experimental de nanoestructuras de ácido nucleico de cadena única diversas, complejas y sin nudos.
  • Creación de una estructura de ADN de ~ 10,000 nucleótidos y una estructura de ARN de ~ 6000 nucleótidos.
  • Demostración de la fácil replicación de estas estructuras tanto in vitro como dentro de las células vivas.

Conclusiones:

  • El plegamiento unimolecular es una estrategia viable y general para construir nanoestructuras complejas y replicables de ácido nucleico.
  • Este enfoque expande significativamente el espacio de diseño y la escalabilidad del material para la nanotecnología de abajo hacia arriba.
  • El marco desarrollado facilita la creación de nanomateriales de ácido nucleico de forma personalizada.