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The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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Clasificación funcional y disección experimental de ARN largos no codificantes

Florian Kopp1, Joshua T Mendell2

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.

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Resumen

Los investigadores están desarrollando nuevos métodos para comprender la función de los ARN no codificantes largos (ARNlnc), que son abundantes en los genomas. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo clasificar la actividad del lncRNA para obtener mejores conocimientos sobre la regulación genética y la enfermedad.

Palabras clave:
En el ADNARN no codificante

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • La genómica
  • Biología molecular
  • Las transcripciones

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los genomas se transcriben de manera generalizada, produciendo numerosos ARN largos no codificantes (ARNlnc).
  • Los elementos reguladores del ADN como los potenciadores y promotores inician la transcripción bidireccional.
  • Distinguir los lncRNA funcionales del vasto transcriptoma es un desafío significativo.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Proporcionar un marco conceptual y experimental para clasificar y dilucidar la función del lncRNA.
  • Para categorizar los loci lncRNA basados en sus mecanismos reguladores (cis vs. trans).
  • Proponer estrategias experimentales para diseccionar la actividad del lncRNA.

Principales métodos:

  • Revisión de las investigaciones y metodologías actuales de lncRNA.
  • Clasificación de los loci de lncRNA en cis y trans.
  • Propuesta de enfoques experimentales para analizar la función del lncRNA.

Principales resultados:

  • Un marco para clasificar los loci de lncRNA en función de su modo de acción (cis o trans).
  • Estrategias experimentales propuestas para investigar las funciones del lncRNA.
  • Destacando el potencial de estas estrategias para descubrir nuevos conocimientos biológicos.

Conclusiones:

  • Comprender la función del lncRNA es crucial para avanzar en el conocimiento de la fisiología y la enfermedad.
  • El marco propuesto ofrece un enfoque sistemático de la investigación del lncRNA.
  • Las investigaciones adicionales sobre la biología del lncRNA prometen descubrimientos significativos.