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Procesamiento de madera natural a granel en un material estructural de alto rendimiento

Jianwei Song1, Chaoji Chen1, Shuze Zhu2

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

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|February 9, 2018
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Los investigadores desarrollaron un nuevo proceso de dos pasos para transformar la madera natural en un material estructural de alto rendimiento. Esta madera mejorada exhibe un aumento de más de diez veces en fuerza, dureza y resistencia balística, ofreciendo una alternativa sostenible a los metales.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Ciencias de los materiales
  • Ingeniería de Biomateriales
  • Materiales sostenibles

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los materiales estructurales tradicionales como el acero y los compuestos tienen inconvenientes como el peso, el impacto ambiental o el alto costo.
  • La madera natural, aunque abundante y de bajo costo, carece de las propiedades mecánicas para aplicaciones de ingeniería avanzadas.
  • Los métodos existentes de modificación de la madera ofrecen una densificación y estabilidad dimensional limitadas, especialmente en condiciones de humedad.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Desarrollar una estrategia simple y eficaz para mejorar el rendimiento mecánico y la estabilidad dimensional de la madera natural.
  • Crear un material estructural de alto rendimiento a partir de madera que rivalice o supere los materiales de ingeniería convencionales.
  • Establecer un método universalmente aplicable para la modificación de la madera en diferentes especies.

Principales métodos:

  • Proceso en dos etapas que implica la eliminación parcial de la lignina y la hemicelulosa mediante ebullición en una mezcla acuosa de NaOH y Na2SO3.
  • Posterior prensado en caliente para inducir el colapso completo de la pared celular y la densificación.
  • Caracterización de las propiedades mecánicas, la estabilidad dimensional y la integridad estructural del material resultante.

Principales resultados:

  • Logró un aumento de más de diez veces en la fuerza, la dureza y la resistencia balística en comparación con la madera natural.
  • Demostró una estabilidad dimensional superior, particularmente en entornos húmedos.
  • La madera procesada tiene una resistencia específica superior a la de la mayoría de los metales y aleaciones estructurales.
  • El método demostró ser eficaz en varias especies de madera.

Conclusiones:

  • El proceso desarrollado transforma la madera natural en un material estructural ligero de alto rendimiento.
  • Esta madera modificada ofrece una alternativa de bajo costo y sostenible a los materiales de ingeniería tradicionales.
  • La estrategia proporciona propiedades mecánicas mejoradas y estabilidad dimensional para aplicaciones avanzadas.