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Primary Active Transport01:47

Primary Active Transport

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Primary Active Transport01:29

Primary Active Transport

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would...
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Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots03:02

Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots

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Vascular plants, which account for over 90% of the Earth’s vegetation, all undergo primary growth—which lengthens roots and shoots. Many land plants, notably woody plants, also undergo secondary growth—which thickens roots and shoots.
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Primary Production01:06

Primary Production

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The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
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Primary Distribution01:28

Primary Distribution

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Primary distribution systems deliver electrical power from substations to consumers through various voltage classes, with 15-kV class voltages being predominant among U.S. utilities. Older 2.5- and 5-kV classes are being replaced by 15-kV primaries, while higher 25- to 34.5-kV classes are used in high-density urban areas and rural regions with long feeders. Three-phase, four-wire multigrounded systems are widely employed for balanced power delivery, using the neutral wire as a grounding point.
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Nomenclature of Primary Amines01:17

Nomenclature of Primary Amines

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Primary, secondary, and tertiary amines are compounds consisting of one, two, and three alkyl groups connected to the amino group (–NH2), respectively. As depicted in Figure 1, the common name of the primary amines is obtained by adding the suffix -amine to the alkyl substituent attached to the amino group as the corresponding alkylamine.
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Using Primary Neurosphere Cultures to Study Primary Cilia
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Colangitis esclerosante primaria

Jessica K Dyson1, Ulrich Beuers2, David E J Jones1

  • 1Department of Hepatology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.

Lancet (London, England)
|February 18, 2018
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

La colangitis esclerosante primaria (CSP) es una enfermedad hepática rara que causa fibrosis y disfunción de los conductos biliares. Los tratamientos actuales carecen de beneficios de supervivencia probados, lo que pone de relieve la necesidad de nuevas estrategias terapéuticas.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Hepatología
  • Gastroenterología
  • Inmunología

Sus antecedentes:

  • La colangitis esclerosante primaria (CSP) es una enfermedad hepática colestática crónica y rara que se caracteriza por fibrosis de los conductos biliares y estrictura.
  • Lleva a un flujo biliar deteriorado, disfunción hepática progresiva y posibles complicaciones como la hipertensión portal.
  • La etiología involucra factores genéticos, ambientales y cada vez más reconocidos del microbioma intestinal.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para resumir el entendimiento actual de la colangitis esclerosante primaria.
  • Para resaltar los criterios de diagnóstico, las condiciones asociadas y los desafíos de gestión.
  • Para subrayar la necesidad insatisfecha de tratamientos efectivos y detección temprana de tumores malignos.

Principales métodos:

  • Revisión de la literatura existente sobre la colangitis esclerosante primaria.
  • Análisis de marcadores de diagnóstico, incluida la bioquímica del hígado y la colangiografía.
  • Examen de las funciones patogenéticas de los factores genéticos y ambientales, incluido el microbioma intestinal.

Principales resultados:

  • Las características diagnósticas incluyen bioquímica hepática colestática y conducción biliar estricta.
  • Una alta tasa de comorbilidad (aprox. 70%) existe con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal, lo que requiere vigilancia.
  • El aumento del riesgo de tumores malignos, en particular el colangiocarcinoma, requiere mejores estrategias de detección temprana.

Conclusiones:

  • La colangitis esclerosante primaria presenta desafíos de diagnóstico y obstáculos de manejo significativos.
  • Ningún fármaco ha demostrado una mejor supervivencia libre de trasplante, y la recurrencia después del trasplante es común.
  • La investigación adicional sobre la patogénesis y las terapias dirigidas es crucial para mejorar los resultados de los pacientes.