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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Combining Microfluidics and Microrheology to Determine Rheological Properties of Soft Matter during Repeated Phase Transitions
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Transiciones de fase en el montaje y la función de los miRISC humanos

Jessica Sheu-Gruttadauria1, Ian J MacRae1

  • 1Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.

Cell
|March 27, 2018
PubMed
Resumen

Los complejos de microprocesadores (miRISC) forman gotas separadas por fases a través de las interacciones con las proteínas. Esta condensación acelera la deadenilación de los ARN mensajeros objetivo (ARNm), revelando un nuevo mecanismo para silenciar los genes.

Palabras clave:
El argonautaGW182 y otros.TNRC6 (por sus siglas en inglés)miRISC (en inglés)y miRNAEl microARNCondensación molecularseparación de fases

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología molecular
  • La bioquímica
  • Biología del ARN

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los complejos de microprocesadores (miRISC) son cruciales para la regulación genética a través de los microARN (miRNA).
  • La estructura física y el montaje de miRISC han permanecido en gran medida indefinidos.
  • Comprender la naturaleza física de miRISC es clave para descifrar sus mecanismos de regulación.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar las propiedades físicas y el montaje de miRISC humano.
  • Para aclarar el papel de las interacciones proteína-proteína en la formación de miRISC.
  • Determinar las consecuencias funcionales de la condensación de miRISC en el procesamiento del ARN.

Principales métodos:

  • Ensayos de separación de fase in vitro con las proteínas miRISC del núcleo Argonaute2 (Ago2) y TNRC6B.
  • Imágenes de células vivas para observar la formación de gotas miRISC.
  • Análisis bioquímicos del reclutamiento del factor de dedenilación y el secuestro del ARN objetivo.

Principales resultados:

  • Los componentes del núcleo humano de miRISC, Ago2 y TNRC6B, se someten a una separación de fase líquido-líquido in vitro y en células.
  • La separación de fase es impulsada por interacciones multivalentes entre el dominio rico en GW de TNRC6B y el dominio PIWI de Ago2.
  • Las gotas miRISC reclutan factores de dedenilación y aceleran la dedenilación del ARNm objetivo.

Conclusiones:

  • La separación de fases mediada por proteínas es una propiedad fundamental del miRISC humano.
  • La condensación de miRISC facilita la deadenilación eficiente del ARNm objetivo y el silenciamiento de genes.
  • Este mecanismo proporciona información sobre cómo miRISC maneja diversos sustratos de ARNm.