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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories — pure substances and mixtures. 
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The characteristics that enable us to distinguish one substance from another are called properties.
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The Atomic Theory of Matter02:59

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The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers...
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What is Matter?01:13

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The substance of the universe—from a grain of sand to a star—is called matter. Scientists define matter as anything that occupies space and has mass. An object’s mass and its weight are related concepts, but not quite the same. An object’s mass is the amount of matter contained in the object and is the same whether that object is on Earth or in the zero-gravity environment of outer space. An object’s weight, on the other hand, is its mass as affected by the pull of...
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Solids, liquids, and gases are the three states of matter commonly found on Earth. A solid is rigid and possesses a definite shape. A liquid flows and takes the shape of its container, except it forms a flat or slightly curved upper surface when acted upon by gravity. Both liquid and solid samples have volumes nearly independent of pressure. A gas takes both the shape and volume of its container.
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Transcriptomic Analysis of C. elegans RNA Sequencing Data Through the Tuxedo Suite on the Galaxy Project
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Una galaxia sin materia oscura

Pieter van Dokkum1, Shany Danieli1, Yotam Cohen1

  • 1Astronomy Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.

Nature
|March 30, 2018
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

La galaxia ultra difusa NGC1052-DF2 tiene una masa de halo de materia oscura sorprendentemente baja. Este hallazgo desafía el modelo estándar de materia oscura fría, lo que sugiere que la materia oscura no siempre está acoplada a la materia bariónica en escalas galácticas.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Astronomía y astrofísica
  • Cosmología
  • Formación y evolución de las galaxias

Sus antecedentes:

  • El modelo cosmológico estándar postula un estrecho acoplamiento entre la masa de halo de materia oscura y la masa estelar en las galaxias.
  • Esta relación, cuantificada por la relación Mhalo/Mestrellas, típicamente muestra un mínimo para las galaxias similares a la Vía Láctea y aumenta tanto para las galaxias de menor y mayor masa.
  • La dispersión en esta relación de acoplamiento de masa está mal limitada, especialmente para las galaxias enanas.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para investigar el contenido de materia oscura de la galaxia ultra difusa NGC1052-DF2.
  • Para probar la universalidad del acoplamiento de la materia oscura y la masa estelar.

Principales métodos:

  • Medición de las velocidades radiales de diez objetos globulares luminosos dentro de NGC1052-DF2.
  • Inferir la dispersión de velocidad de la galaxia de estas mediciones.
  • Estimación de la masa total de NGC1052-DF2 dentro de un radio específico.

Principales resultados:

  • Se encontró que la dispersión de velocidad de NGC1052-DF2 era inferior a 10,5 km/s (confianza del 90%).
  • Se determinó que la masa total dentro de 7,6 kpc era inferior a 3,4 × 10 masas solares.
  • Esto da como resultado una relación Mhalo/Mestrellas de aproximadamente unidad, significativamente más baja (factor de al menos 400) de lo esperado.

Conclusiones:

  • NGC1052-DF2 exhibe un contenido de materia oscura excepcionalmente bajo en relación con su masa estelar.
  • Esta observación proporciona una fuerte evidencia en contra de un acoplamiento universal entre la materia oscura y la materia bariónica en escalas galácticas.
  • Los hallazgos requieren una reevaluación de los modelos de formación de galaxias dentro del paradigma de la materia oscura fría.