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Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

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The turnover number of an enzyme is the maximum number of substrate molecules it can transform per unit time. Turnover numbers for most enzymes range from 1 to 1000 molecules per second. Catalase has the known highest turnover number, capable of converting up to 2.8×106 molecules of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen per second. Lysozyme has the lowest known turnover number of half a molecule per second.
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The theory of catalytically perfect enzymes was first proposed by W.J. Albery and J. R. Knowles in 1976. These enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions at high-speed. Their catalytic efficiency values range from 108-109 M-1s-1. These enzymes are also called 'diffusion-controlled' as the only rate-limiting step in the catalysis is that of the substrate diffusion into the active site. Examples include triose phosphate isomerase, fumarase, and superoxide dismutase.
 
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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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Las nanopartículas de cadena única como nanorreactores catalíticos

Hannah Rothfuss1,2, Nicolai D Knöfel3, Peter W Roesky1,3

  • 1School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , 2 George Street , QLD 4000 , Brisbane , Australia.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|April 10, 2018
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Resumen

Los químicos crean catalizadores bioinspirados imitando las estructuras enzimáticas con polímeros sintéticos. Estas nanopartículas de cadena única ofrecen propiedades catalíticas únicas y mejoran la formación de productos a través de sitios activos adaptados.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Química bioinspirada
  • Ciencia de los polímeros
  • Catálisis

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las enzimas proporcionan un plan para catalizadores altamente eficientes y selectivos.
  • Las arquitecturas macromoleculares sintéticas ofrecen plataformas sintonizables para el diseño de catalizadores.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Desarrollar nuevos catalizadores de inspiración biológica imitando las estructuras terciarias de las metalloenzimas.
  • Para crear nanopartículas catalíticamente activas de una sola cadena utilizando marcos poliméricos adaptados.

Principales métodos:

  • Diseño de cadenas de polímeros sintéticos para la colocación específica de iones metálicos.
  • Construyendo nanopartículas de una sola cadena con bolsillos poliméricos específicos.

Principales resultados:

  • Se han obtenido nanopartículas catalíticamente activas de cadena única.
  • Características únicas del catalizador observadas y impacto significativo en la formación del producto.
  • Se ha demostrado el reconocimiento del sustrato a través de la bolsa polimérica construida.

Conclusiones:

  • Las nanopartículas de cadena única representan sistemas catalíticos avanzados de inspiración biológica.
  • Los marcos poliméricos adaptados alrededor de núcleos activos son clave para el reconocimiento de sustratos similares a las enzimas y la catálisis mejorada.