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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
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Measuring Single-Cell Aging with an Imaging-based Biomarker of Chromatin and Epigenetic Aging
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El perfil de la modificación de la cromatina de una sola célula revela un aumento de las variaciones epigenéticas con

Peggie Cheung1, Francesco Vallania2, Hayley C Warsinske2

  • 1Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

Cell
|May 1, 2018
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Resumen

Las modificaciones de la cromatina en las células inmunes humanas varían según el tipo de célula y la edad. El envejecimiento aumenta las diferencias individuales y la variabilidad celular en estas marcas epigenéticas cruciales.

Palabras clave:
La epigenéticaenvejecimientoIdentidad de la célulaModificaciones de la cromatinaherenciabilidadLas histonassistema inmunológicocitometría de masaruido de transcripciónLos gemelos

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Inmunología
  • La epigenética
  • Biología celular

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las modificaciones de la cromatina regulan los procesos del ADN.
  • La comprensión de la variabilidad de la cromatina de las células inmunes es limitada.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Modificaciones de cromatina de perfil en las células inmunes humanas.
  • Investigar los cambios relacionados con la edad y la heredabilidad.

Principales métodos:

  • Citometría de masa multiplexada para el análisis de una sola célula.
  • Análisis de células inmunes humanas primarias y una cohorte de gemelos.

Principales resultados:

  • Se han observado patrones de cromatina distintos según el tipo de célula y el linaje.
  • El envejecimiento aumenta la heterogeneidad interindividual y la variabilidad de célula a célula.
  • Las modificaciones de la cromatina muestran heredabilidad, pero los efectos del envejecimiento no son heredables.

Conclusiones:

  • Desarrolló una plataforma para la cromatina y la investigación en inmunología.
  • El envejecimiento afecta significativamente las modificaciones de la cromatina en las células inmunes.