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Videos de Conceptos Relacionados

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Isotopes

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Elements have a set number of protons that determines their atomic number (Z). For example, all atoms with eight protons are oxygen; however, the number of neutrons can vary for atoms of the same element. The sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons is the mass number (A). Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are called isotopes. Elements can have multiple isotopes, for example, carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14.
An element's atomic mass, or weight,...
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Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes02:31

Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

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A chemical symbol is an abbreviation used to indicate an element or an atom of an element. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg. The same symbol is used to indicate one atom of mercury (microscopic domain) or to label a container of many atoms of the element mercury (macroscopic domain).
Some symbols are derived from the common English name of the element; others are abbreviations of the name in another language — Latin, Greek or German. For example, the symbol for aluminum (common name)...
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Isotopes and Radioisotopes01:28

Isotopes and Radioisotopes

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In the early 1900s, English chemist Frederick Soddy realized that an element could have atoms with different masses that were chemically indistinguishable. These different types are called isotopes — atoms of the same element that differ in mass. Isotopes differ in mass because they have different numbers of neutrons but are chemically identical because they have the same number of protons. Soddy was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1921 for this discovery.
An isotope containing...
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Mass Spectrometry: Isotope Effect01:13

Mass Spectrometry: Isotope Effect

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Most elements exist in nature as a mixture of isotopes. The isotopes differ in weight due to their respective number of neutrons. The molecular weight of a molecule is different depending on the specific isotope of its elements involved. As a result, the mass spectrum of the molecule exhibits peaks from the same fragment at multiple positions. The positions of these mass signals depend on the mass differences between isotopes. Furthermore, the intensity of these signals is dependent on the...
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Atomic Mass01:52

Atomic Mass

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Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which...
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Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations03:18

Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations

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Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, except for hydrogen, neutrons. The number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number (Z) of the element, and the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons is the mass number (A). Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are isotopes of the same element.
A nuclide of an element has a specific number of protons and...
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Metabolomía y rastreo de isótopos

Cholsoon Jang1, Li Chen1, Joshua D Rabinowitz1

  • 1Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Washington Rd, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.

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Resumen

La espectrometría de masas permite la medición simultánea de metabolitos para el estudio del metabolismo. La combinación de EM con el rastreo de isótopos estables revela las actividades de las vías metabólicas y ilumina los procesos biológicos.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • La bioquímica
  • Metabolomía
  • Biología de sistemas

Sus antecedentes:

  • El metabolismo es crucial para comprender los sistemas biológicos.
  • La espectrometría de masas (EM) ha revolucionado la medición de los metabolitos.
  • El rastreo de isótopos estables proporciona información sobre la dinámica de las vías metabólicas.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Describir los principios fundamentales de la medición de los metabolitos mediante la EM.
  • Para demostrar el poder combinado de la metabolomía y el rastreo de isótopos.
  • Resaltar las aplicaciones de estas técnicas en la investigación biológica.

Principales métodos:

  • Preparación de muestras para el análisis metabolómico basado en EM.
  • Realización de un perfil metabólico completo.
  • Utilizando trazadores de isótopos estables para rastrear el flujo metabólico.
  • Estrategias de interpretación de los datos metabólicos y isotópicos.

Principales resultados:

  • La medición simultánea de numerosos metabolitos es posible en la EM.
  • El rastreo isotópico revela efectivamente las actividades de las vías metabólicas.
  • La metabolomía integrada y el rastreo de isótopos ofrecen profundos conocimientos biológicos.

Conclusiones:

  • La metabolomía basada en EM es una herramienta poderosa para el descubrimiento biológico.
  • La combinación de la metabolomía con el rastreo de isótopos mejora la comprensión de las redes metabólicas.
  • Estos enfoques integrados son vitales para el avance de la investigación biológica.