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La alta diversidad de parásitos acelera la adaptación y diversificación del huésped

A Betts1, C Gray2, M Zelek3

  • 1Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. alex.betts@evobio.eu kayla.king@zoo.ox.ac.uk.

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Las diversas comunidades de parásitos aceleran la evolución del huésped, cambiando la dinámica de la coevolución de fluctuar a la carrera armamentista. Esto mejora la resistencia del huésped y reduce la infectividad del parásito, impactando las tasas de evolución molecular.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología evolutiva
  • Ecología microbiana
  • Interacciones huésped-parásito

Sus antecedentes:

  • La coevolución huésped-parásito es un fenómeno bien establecido.
  • El impacto de múltiples parásitos en la dinámica coevolucionaria del huésped sigue siendo en gran medida inexplorado.
  • Comprender estas interacciones complejas es crucial para predecir las trayectorias evolutivas.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar cómo las diversas comunidades de parásitos influyen en la evolución del huésped.
  • Para determinar el efecto de la diversidad de parásitos en la dinámica coevolucionaria.
  • Aclarar los mecanismos que impulsan la resistencia del huésped y los cambios en la infectividad del parásito.

Principales métodos:

  • Coevolución experimental utilizando una bacteria huésped y sus parásitos virales (bacteriófagos).
  • Análisis de los cambios en los modos de selección (dinámica fluctuante frente a la dinámica direccional).
  • Identificación de mutaciones genéticas, específicamente en genes de lipopolisacáridos, que confieren resistencia.

Principales resultados:

  • El aumento de la diversidad de parásitos aceleró la evolución del huésped y aumentó su resistencia.
  • La diversidad de parásitos condujo a una disminución de la infectividad de los parásitos.
  • La dinámica coevolucionaria cambió de la Reina Roja (fluctuante) a la carrera armamentista (direccional) de la selección.
  • La dinámica de la carrera armamentista involucró barridos selectivos de mutaciones de resistencia generalistas en genes de lipopolisacáridos.
  • Se observó una evolución molecular más rápida dentro de las poblaciones huésped y una mayor divergencia genética entre las poblaciones.

Conclusiones:

  • La exposición a diversas comunidades de parásitos influye significativamente en la tasa y el tipo de coevolución huésped-parásito.
  • La diversidad de parásitos puede impulsar la rápida adaptación del huésped y la divergencia genética.
  • Los hallazgos ponen de relieve la importancia de considerar las interacciones a nivel comunitario en los estudios evolutivos.