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Variación normativa del tamaño del cerebro y la diversidad de la forma del cerebro en humanos
P K Reardon1,2,3, Jakob Seidlitz1,4, Simon Vandekar5
1Developmental Neurogenomics Unit, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
|June 2, 2018
Resumen
Los cerebros humanos más grandes muestran una mayor expansión en las redes frontoparietales, no en las áreas sensoriales. Este patrón de organización cerebral, evidente desde la infancia, refleja cambios evolutivos y una mayor conectividad.
Área de la Ciencia:
- La neurociencia
- La evolución del hombre
- Desarrollo del cerebro
Sus antecedentes:
- El tamaño del cerebro varía significativamente en los humanos, lo que afecta a la organización.
- Comprender cómo la variación del tamaño del cerebro individual afecta la estructura del cerebro es crucial.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Investigar la relación entre el tamaño del cerebro y la organización del cerebro en los humanos.
- Para explorar cómo la variación del tamaño del cerebro impacta la expansión de la red cortical.
Principales métodos:
- Se utilizaron datos de neuroimagen in vivo de más de 3000 individuos en desarrollo típico.
- Analizó la expansión areal en diferentes regiones y redes cerebrales.
Principales resultados:
- Los cerebros humanos más grandes exhiben una mayor expansión areal en las redes corticales frontoparietales y las regiones subcorticales asociadas.
- Esta expansión es desproporcionadamente mayor en comparación con los sistemas límbico, sensorial y motor.
- La redistribución areal observada refleja la remodelación cortical evolutiva y está presente desde la primera infancia.
Conclusiones:
- La forma del cerebro humano está sistemáticamente vinculada a las variaciones naturales en el tamaño del cerebro.
- Un mapa de escala específico integra la neurobiología evolutiva y del desarrollo.
- Este acoplamiento se asocia con un aumento del costo metabólico y la conectividad neuronal en cerebros más grandes.
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