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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Quantum Numbers02:43

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It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
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Transiciones de fase en un simulador de vidrio de espín cuántico programable

R Harris1, Y Sato2, A J Berkley2

  • 1D-Wave Systems, 3033 Beta Avenue, Burnaby, BC V5G 4M9, Canada. rharris@dwavesys.com.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|July 14, 2018
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Los investigadores simularon las fases magnéticas en los sistemas cuánticos utilizando un procesador cuántico D-Wave. Observaron las transiciones entre las fases paramagnéticas, antiferromagnéticas y de espín de vidrio mediante el control del desorden y los campos magnéticos.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Física de la materia condensada
  • La mecánica cuántica
  • Simulación cuántica

Sus antecedentes:

  • La comprensión de las fases magnéticas es crucial en los sistemas mecánicos cuánticos.
  • El hardware de simulación cuántica ofrece nuevas herramientas experimentales para sondear estos sistemas.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Realizar experimentalmente una simulación cuántica de la interacción de giros de Ising en las redes cúbicas 3D.
  • Para determinar las fases magnéticas, el desorden crítico y los exponentes universales utilizando un procesador cuántico.

Principales métodos:

  • Utilizó un procesador cuántico D-Wave para simular giros Ising interactuando en redes cúbicas de hasta 8x8x8 dimensiones.
  • Controlado y leer el estado de los giros individuales para acceder a los parámetros de orden.
  • Desorden sintonizado y campo magnético transversal efectivo para inducir transiciones de fase.

Principales resultados:

  • Simulado con éxito las fases magnéticas en una rejilla cúbica 3D.
  • Transiciones de fase identificadas entre las fases paramagnéticas, antiferromagnéticas y de espín vidrio.
  • Desorden crítico determinado y un exponente universal del sistema.

Conclusiones:

  • El hardware de simulación cuántica permite la exploración experimental directa de las fases magnéticas.
  • El estudio demuestra la capacidad de los procesadores cuánticos para explorar fenómenos magnéticos complejos.
  • Las transiciones de fase observadas proporcionan información sobre el comportamiento de los sistemas de espín que interactúan.