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Gastroenteritis causada por el virus
Krisztián Bányai1, Mary K Estes2, Vito Martella3
1Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Lancet (London, England)
|July 21, 2018
Resumen
Las vacunas contra el rotavirus reducen significativamente las hospitalizaciones por gastroenteritis en niños menores de cinco años. La prevención del norovirus se centra en la higiene y la desinfección ambiental, con vacunas aún en desarrollo.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Virología
- Salud pública
- Epidemiología
Sus antecedentes:
- Los virus entéricos, especialmente los rotavirus y los norovirus, son las principales causas mundiales de gastroenteritis.
- Los rotavirus afectan desproporcionadamente a los niños pequeños, causando mortalidad y hospitalizaciones significativas, especialmente en los países en desarrollo.
- Los norovirus son una causa principal de enfermedades transmitidas por los alimentos y brotes en todos los grupos de edad.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Revisar el impacto de las vacunas contra el rotavirus en las admisiones hospitalarias.
- Discutir las estrategias de prevención actuales para las infecciones por norovirus.
- Destacar el estado del desarrollo de la vacuna contra el norovirus y el tratamiento de la gastroenteritis viral.
Principales métodos:
- Análisis de los datos de la aplicación de la vacuna contra el rotavirus en varios países.
- Revisión de las medidas de prevención de norovirus establecidas.
- Resumen de los ensayos clínicos en curso para las vacunas contra el norovirus.
Principales resultados:
- La vacunación contra el rotavirus condujo a una disminución del 49-89% en los ingresos hospitalarios asociados al rotavirus y a una disminución del 17-55% en los ingresos hospitalarios por gastroenteritis por todas las causas en niños menores de cinco años en un plazo de dos años.
- El control actual del norovirus se basa en la higiene y la desinfección; la eficacia de la vacuna contra diversas cepas es incierta.
- El reemplazo de líquidos y electrolitos sigue siendo el tratamiento principal para la gastroenteritis viral.
Conclusiones:
- Las vacunas contra el rotavirus son muy eficaces para reducir las hospitalizaciones por gastroenteritis infantil.
- Se necesitan vacunas efectivas contra el norovirus y se deben mantener las estrategias de prevención actuales.
- Se requiere más investigación para las vacunas de norovirus duraderas y un mejor manejo de la gastroenteritis.
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